Treasury of Scriptural Knowledge, by R.A. Torrey, [ca. 1880], at sacred-texts.com
Jeremiah Chapter 51
Overview
Jer 51:1, The severe judgment of God against Babylon, in revenge of Israel; Jer 51:59, Jeremiah delivers the book of this prophecy to Seraiah, to be cast into Euphrates, in token of the perpetual sinking of Babylon.
I will: Jer 50:9, Jer 50:14-16, Jer 50:21; Isa 13:3-5; Amo 3:6
midst: Heb. heart
rise: Jer 50:24, Jer 50:29, Jer 50:33; Zac 2:8; Act 9:4
a destroying wind: Jer 4:11, Jer 4:12, Jer 49:36; Kg2 19:7; Eze 19:12; Hos 13:15
fanners: Jer 15:7; Isa 41:16; Eze 5:12; Mat 3:12
in the day: Jer 51:27, Jer 51:28, Jer 50:14, Jer 50:15, Jer 50:29, Jer 50:32
let the: Jer 50:14, Jer 50:41, Jer 50:42
brigandine: Jer 46:4
spare: Jer 9:21, Jer 50:27, Jer 50:30; Deu 32:25; Psa 137:9; Isa 13:10-18; Jam 2:13
destroy: Jer 50:21
thrust: Jer 49:26, Jer 50:30,Jer 50:37; Isa 13:15, Isa 14:19
Israel: Jer 33:24-26, Jer 46:28, Jer 50:4, Jer 50:5, Jer 50:20; Sa1 12:22; Kg1 6:13; Ezr 9:9; Psa 94:14; Isa 44:21, Isa 49:14, Isa 49:15, Isa 54:3-11, Isa 62:12; Hos 1:10; Amo 9:8, Amo 9:9; Rom 11:1, Rom 11:2
nor: Zac 2:12, Zac 12:6, Zac 12:8
though: Jer 16:18, Jer 19:4, Jer 23:15, Jer 31:37; Kg2 21:16; Eze 8:17, Eze 9:9, Eze 22:24-31; Hos 4:1; Mic 7:18, Mic 7:20; Zep 3:1-4
Flee: Jer 51:9, Jer 51:45, Jer 51:50, Jer 50:8, Jer 50:28; Isa 48:20; Zac 2:6, Zac 2:7; Rev 18:4
be not: Gen 19:15-17; Num 16:26; Pro 13:20; Ti1 5:22
for this: Jer 51:11, Jer 27:7, Jer 46:10, Jer 50:8, Jer 50:15, Jer 50:28, Jer 50:31; Deu 32:25, Deu 32:41, Deu 32:43; Rev 16:19, Rev 18:5, Rev 18:6
he will render: Jer 25:14, Jer 25:16
a golden: Isa 14:4; Dan 2:32, Dan 2:38; Rev 17:4
the nations: Jer 25:9, Jer 25:14-27; Dan 3:1-7; Hab 2:15, Hab 2:16; Rev 14:8, Rev 17:2, Rev 18:3, Rev 18:23, Rev 19:2
suddenly: Jer 51:41, Jer 50:2; Isa 21:9, Isa 47:9; Rev 14:8, Rev 18:2, Rev 18:8
howl: Jer 48:20,Jer 48:31; Isa 13:6, Isa 13:7; Eze 27:30-32, Eze 30:2; Dan 5:24, Dan 5:31; Rev 18:9-11; Rev 18:17-19
take balm: Jer 8:22, Jer 30:12-15, Jer 46:11; Nah 3:19
forsake: Jer 8:20, Jer 46:16, Jer 46:21, Jer 50:16; Isa 13:14, Isa 47:15; Mat 25:10-13
her judgment: Ch2 28:9; Ezr 9:6; Dan 4:20-22; Rev 18:5
brought: Psa 37:6; Mic 7:9, Mic 7:10
let us: Jer 31:6-9, Jer 50:28; Psa 9:14, Psa 102:19-21, Psa 116:18, Psa 116:19, Psa 126:1-3; Isa 40:2; Isa 51:11, Isa 52:9, Isa 52:10; Rev 14:1-3, Rev 19:1-6
Make: Jer 46:4, Jer 46:9, Jer 50:9, Jer 50:14, Jer 50:25, Jer 50:28, Jer 50:29; Isa 21:5
bright: Heb. pure
the Lord hath: Jer 51:27, Jer 51:28; Kg1 11:14, Kg1 11:23; Ch1 5:26; Ch2 36:22; Ezr 1:1; Isa 10:26, Isa 13:17; Isa 13:18, Isa 21:2, Isa 41:25, Isa 45:1, Isa 45:5, Isa 46:11; Rev 17:16, Rev 17:17
the spirit: Of Cyaxares king of Media, called "Darius the Mede" in scripture; and of Cyrus his nephew, king of persia, presumptive heir of the throne of his uncle.
his device: Jer 51:12, Jer 51:29, Jer 50:45
the vengeance: Jer 51:24, Jer 51:35, Jer 50:15, Jer 50:28; Psa 74:3-11, Psa 83:3-9; Hab 2:17-20; Zac 12:2, Zac 12:3; Zac 14:2, Zac 14:12
the standard: Jer 46:3-5; Pro 21:30; Isa 8:9, Isa 8:10, Isa 13:2; Joe 3:2, Joe 3:9-14; Nah 2:1, Nah 3:14, Nah 3:15
ambushes: Heb. liers in wait, Jos 8:14
the Lord hath both: Jer 51:11, Jer 51:29; Lam 2:17
dwellest: Jer 51:36; Rev 17:1, Rev 17:15
abundant: Jer 50:37; Isa 45:3; Hab 2:5-10; Rev 18:11-17
thine: Jer 17:11, Jer 50:27, Jer 50:31; Gen 6:13; Lam 4:18; Eze 7:2-12; Dan 5:26; Amo 8:2; Pe1 4:7
and the: Hab 2:9-11; Luk 12:19-21; Pe2 2:3, Pe2 2:14, Pe2 2:15; Jde 1:11-13; Rev 18:19
sworn: Jer 49:13; Amo 6:8; Heb 6:13
himself: Heb. his soul
as with: Jer 46:23; Jdg 6:5; Joe 1:4-7, Joe 2:3, Joe 2:4, Joe 2:25; Nah 3:15-17
lift up: Heb. utter, Jer 50:15
hath made: Jer 10:12-16, Jer 32:17; Gen 1:1-6; Psa 107:25, Psa 146:5, Psa 146:6, Psa 148:1-5; Isa 40:26; Act 14:15, Act 17:24; Rom 1:20; Col 1:16, Col 1:17; Heb 1:2, Heb 1:3; Rev 4:11
by his wisdom: Psa 104:24, Psa 136:5; Pro 3:19; Rom 11:33
and hath: Job 9:8; Psa 104:2; Isa 40:22, Isa 42:5, Isa 44:24, Isa 45:12, Isa 48:13, Isa 51:13
he uttereth: Jer 10:12, Jer 10:13; Job 37:2-11, Job 40:9; Psa 18:13, Psa 29:3-10, Psa 46:6, Psa 68:33, Psa 104:7; Eze 10:5
there is: Job 36:26-33, Job 37:13, Job 38:34-38; Psa 135:7; Amo 9:7
multitude: or, noise
and he causeth: Psa 135:7
bringeth: Gen 8:1; Exo 10:13, Exo 10:19, Exo 14:21; Job 38:22; Psa 78:26, Psa 135:7, Psa 147:18; Jon 1:4, Jon 4:8; Mat 8:26, Mat 8:27
Every: Jer 10:14; Psa 14:2, Psa 53:1, Psa 53:2, Psa 92:5, Psa 92:6, Psa 115:5, Psa 115:8, Psa 135:18; Isa 44:18-20; Rom 1:20-23; Co1 1:19-21
brutish by his knowledge: or, more brutish than to know, for his. Jer 10:14, Jer 50:2; Psa 135:17; Hab 2:18, Hab 2:19
vanity: Jer 10:8, Jer 10:15; Jon 2:8; Act 14:15
in the: Jer 43:12, Jer 43:13, Jer 46:25, Jer 48:7, Jer 50:2; Exo 12:12; Isa 19:1, Isa 46:1; Zep 2:11
portion: Jer 10:16; Psa 16:5, Psa 73:26, Psa 115:3; Lam 3:24
the former: Jer 51:15
the rod: Jer 12:7-10, Jer 50:11; Exo 19:5, Exo 19:6; Deu 32:9; Psa 33:12, Psa 74:2, Psa 135:4; Pe1 2:9
art: Jer 50:23; Isa 10:5, Isa 10:15, Isa 13:5, Isa 14:5, Isa 14:6, Isa 37:26, Isa 41:15, Isa 41:16; Mic 4:13; Zac 9:13, Zac 9:14; Mat 22:7
with thee: or, in thee, or, by thee
break: Jer 25:9, Jer 25:11, Jer 27:5-7
Jer 50:37; Exo 15:1, Exo 15:21; Psa 46:9, Psa 76:6; Eze 39:20; Mic 5:10; Nah 2:13; Hag 2:22; Zac 10:5, Zac 12:4; Rev 19:18
Jer 6:11; Deu 32:25; Sa1 15:3; Ch2 36:17; Isa 20:4; Lam 2:11; Eze 9:6
Jer 51:11, Jer 51:35, Jer 51:49, Jer 50:15, Jer 50:17, Jer 50:18, Jer 50:28, Jer 50:29, Jer 50:33, Jer 50:34; Psa 137:8, Psa 137:9; Isa 47:6-9; Isa 51:22, Isa 51:23, Isa 61:2, Isa 63:1-4, Isa 66:6; Th1 2:15, Th1 2:16; Rev 6:10, Rev 18:20,Rev 18:24; Rev 19:2-4
I am: Jer 50:31
O destroying: Jer 51:53, Jer 51:58; Gen 11:4; Isa 13:2; Dan 4:30; Zac 4:7
which destroyest: Jer 51:7, Jer 51:20-23, Jer 25:9, Jer 25:18-27; Rev 8:8, Rev 17:1-6
and will: Pe2 3:10; Rev 8:8, Rev 18:9, Rev 18:10
shall not: Jer 51:37, Jer 51:43, Jer 50:12, Jer 50:13; Isa 13:19-22, Isa 14:23
desolate for ever: Heb. everlasting desolations, Jer 50:40,Jer 50:41; Isa 34:8-17; Rev 18:20-24
ye up: Jer 51:12, Jer 6:1, Jer 50:2, Jer 50:41; Isa 13:2-5, Isa 18:3; Amo 3:6; Zac 14:2
prepare: Jer 25:14
Ararat: Bochart reasonably concludes Ararat and Minni to be the greater and lesser Armenia; and Ashchenaz he thinks formed part of Phrygia near the Hellespont, part of that country being called Ascania by Homer. Cyrus had conquered Armenia, defeated Croesus king of Lydia (bc 548), and subdued several nations from the Egean sea to the Euphrates, before he marched against Babylon; and Xenophon also informs us that there were not only Armenians, but both Phrygians and Cappadocians in the army of Cyrus. Gen 8:4
Ashchenaz: Gen 10:3, Ashkenaz, Ch1 1:6
cause: Jer 51:14, Jer 46:23, Jer 50:41, Jer 50:42; Jdg 6:5; Joe 2:2, Joe 2:3; Nah 3:15-17; Rev 9:7-11; After Cyrus had been the instrument in the hands of God of taking Babylon, he marched against Tomyris, queen of the Massagete, a Scythian nation, and was totally defeated (bc 530). The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous battle, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, "Sattia te sanguine, quem sitisti.
the kings: Jer 51:11, Jer 25:25; Gen 10:2; Ch1 1:5, Madia, Est 1:3, Est 10:2; Isa 13:17, Isa 21:2; Dan 5:28-30, Dan 6:8, Dan 8:3, Dan 8:4, Dan 8:20, Dan 9:1
the land: Jer 8:16, Jer 10:10, Jer 50:36, Jer 50:43; Isa 13:13, Isa 13:14, Isa 14:16; Joe 2:10; Amo 8:8
every: Jer 51:11, Jer 51:12, Jer 51:43, Jer 51:62-64, Jer 50:13, Jer 50:39, Jer 50:40,Jer 50:45; Isa 13:19, Isa 13:20, Isa 14:23, Isa 14:24, Isa 46:10,Isa 46:11; Isa 47:1-15; Rev 18:2, Rev 18:21-24
The mighty: Accordingly, the Babylonians, after the loss of a battle or two, never recovered their courage to the face the enemy in the field, they retired within their walls; and the first time that Cyrus came with his army before the place he could not provoke them to venture forth, though he challenged the king to fight a duel with him; and the last time he came he consulted with his officers respecting the best mode of carrying on the siege "since," said he, "they do not come out to fight." Jer 51:32, Jer 51:57, Jer 48:41, Jer 50:36, Jer 50:37; Psa 76:5; Isa 13:7, Isa 13:8, Isa 19:16; Nah 3:13; Rev 18:10
her bars: Jer 50:36 *marg. Psa 107:16, Psa 147:13; Isa 45:1, Isa 45:2; Lam 2:9; Amo 1:5; Nah 3:13
post: Jer 4:20, Jer 50:24; Sa1 4:12-18; Sa2 18:19-31; Ch2 30:6; Est 3:13-15; Est 8:10,Est 8:14; Job 9:25
to show: Jer 50:43; Isa 21:3-9, Isa 47:11-13; Dan 5:2-5, Dan 5:30
the passages: Jer 50:38; Isa 44:27
is like: Isa 21:10, Isa 41:15, Isa 41:16; Amo 1:3; Mic 4:13; Hab 3:12
it is time to thresh her: or, in the time that he thresheth her
the time: Isa 17:5-11, Isa 18:5; Hos 6:11; Joe 3:13; Mat 13:30,Mat 13:39; Rev 14:15-20
the king: Jer 51:49, Jer 39:1-8, Jer 50:7, Jer 50:17; Lam 1:1, Lam 1:14, Lam 1:15
he hath made: Jer 48:11, Jer 48:12; Isa 24:1-3, Isa 34:11; Nah 2:2, Nah 2:9, Nah 2:10
swallowed: Jer 51:44; Job 20:15; Pro 1:12; Lam 2:16; Eze 36:3; Amo 8:4; Mat 23:14
The violence: Heb. My violence, Jer 50:29; Jdg 9:20,Jdg 9:24, Jdg 9:56, Jdg 9:57; Psa 9:12, Psa 12:5, Psa 137:8, Psa 137:9; Isa 26:20,Isa 26:21; Zac 1:15; Mat 7:2; Jam 2:13; Rev 6:10, Rev 16:6, Rev 18:6, Rev 18:20
flesh: or, remainder
inhabitant: Heb. inhabitress
I will plead: See note on Jer 50:33, Jer 50:34; Psa 140:12; Pro 22:23, Pro 23:11; Isa 43:14, Isa 47:6-9, Isa 49:25, Isa 49:26; Mic 7:8-10; Hab 2:8-17
take: Deu 32:35, Deu 32:43; Psa 94:1-3; Rom 12:19; Heb 10:30,Heb 10:31; Rev 19:1-3
and I will: Jer 50:38; Psa 107:33; Isa 44:27; Rev 16:12
become: Jer 51:25, Jer 51:26, Jer 51:29, Jer 25:9, Jer 25:12, Jer 25:18, Jer 50:12, Jer 50:13, Jer 50:23-26, Jer 50:38-40; Isa 13:19-22, Isa 14:23; Isa 34:8-17; Rev 18:2, Rev 18:21-23
an hissing: Jer 18:16, Jer 19:8, Jer 29:18; Ch2 29:8; Lam 2:15, Lam 2:16; Mic 6:16; Zep 2:15
roar: Jer 2:15; Job 4:10,Job 4:11; Psa 34:10, Psa 58:6; Isa 35:9; Nah 2:11-13; Zac 11:3
yell: or, shake themselves, Jdg 16:20
their heat: Jer 25:27; Isa 21:4, Isa 21:5, Isa 22:12-14; Dan 5:1-4, Dan 5:30; Nah 1:10, Nah 3:11
and sleep: Jer 51:57; Psa 13:3, Psa 76:5, Psa 76:6
Jer 50:27; Psa 37:20, Psa 44:22; Isa 34:6; Eze 39:18
Sheshach: Sheshach was probably an idol worshipped at Babylon, from which the city derived this name; and the festival which was held when the city was taken, when they were heated with wine, was perhaps observed in honour of it. Jer 25:26; Dan 5:1-3
the praise: Jer 49:25, Jer 50:23; Isa 13:19, Isa 14:4; Dan 2:38, Dan 4:22, Dan 4:30, Dan 5:4, Dan 5:5; Rev 18:10-19
an astonishment: Jer 51:37, Jer 50:46; Deu 28:37; Ch2 7:21; Eze 27:35
Psa 18:4, Psa 18:16, Psa 42:7, Psa 65:7, Psa 93:3; Isa 8:7, Isa 8:8; Eze 27:26-34; Dan 9:26; Luk 21:25; Rev 17:15, Rev 17:16
cities: Jer 51:29, Jer 51:37, Jer 50:39, Jer 50:40
a land: Jer 2:6; Isa 13:20; Eze 29:10,Eze 29:11
I will punish: Jer 51:18, Jer 51:47, Jer 50:2; Isa 46:1, Isa 46:2
I will bring: Jer 51:34; Ch2 36:7; Ezr 1:7; Dan 1:2, Dan 5:2-4, Dan 5:26
the nations: Isa 2:2, Isa 60:5; Dan 3:2, Dan 3:3, Dan 3:29, Dan 4:1, Dan 4:22, Dan 5:19, Dan 5:31; Rev 18:9-19
the wall: Jer 51:53, Jer 51:58
go: Jer 51:6, Jer 51:9, Jer 51:50, Jer 50:8; Isa 48:20; Zac 2:7; Rev 14:8-11, Rev 18:4
deliver: Gen 19:12-16; Num 16:26; Act 2:40; Co2 6:17
lest: or, let not, Kg2 19:7; Mat 24:6-8; Mar 13:7, Mar 13:8; Luk 21:9-19, Luk 21:28
a rumour shall: Isa 13:3-5, Isa 21:2, Isa 21:3
ruler against: Jdg 7:22; Sa1 14:16-20; Ch2 20:23; Isa 19:2
I will: Jer 51:52, Jer 50:2; Isa 21:9, Isa 46:1, Isa 46:2
do judgment upon: Heb. visit upon, Jer 51:18, Jer 11:22, Jer 13:21, Jer 23:34, Jer 25:12 *marg.
her whole: Jer 51:24, Jer 51:43, Jer 50:12-16, Jer 50:35-40
the heaven: Jer 51:10; Psa 58:10,Psa 58:11; Pro 11:10; Isa 44:23, Isa 48:20, Isa 49:13; Rev 15:1-4; Rev 16:4-7, Rev 18:20, Rev 19:1-7
the spoilers: Jer 51:11, Jer 50:3, Jer 50:9, Jer 50:41
As Babylon: etc. or, Both Babylon is to fall, O ye slain of Israel and with Babylon shall fall the slain of all the country. hath. Jer 51:10,Jer 51:11, Jer 51:24, Jer 51:35, Jer 50:11, Jer 50:17, Jer 50:18, Jer 50:29, Jer 50:33, Jer 50:34; Jdg 1:7; Psa 137:8, Psa 137:9; Mat 7:2; Jam 2:13; Rev 18:5, Rev 18:6
escaped: Jer 51:6, Jer 51:45, Jer 31:21, Jer 44:28, Jer 50:8; Isa 48:20, Isa 51:11, Isa 52:2, Isa 52:11, Isa 52:12; Zac 2:7-9; Rev 18:4
remember: Jer 29:12-14; Deu 4:29-31, Deu 30:1-4; Ezr 1:3-5; Neh 1:2-4, Neh 2:3-5; Psa 102:13, Psa 102:14, Psa 137:5, Psa 137:6; Dan 9:2, Dan 9:3, Dan 9:16-19
Jerusalem: Psa 122:6
are confounded: Jer 3:22-25, Jer 31:19; Psa 74:18-21, Psa 79:4, Psa 79:12, Psa 123:3, Psa 123:4, Psa 137:1-3; Lam 2:15-17; Lam 5:1; Eze 36:30
shame: Jer 3:25, Jer 14:3; Psa 44:13-16, Psa 69:7-13, Psa 71:13, Psa 109:29; Eze 7:18; Mic 7:10
for strangers: Jer 52:13; Psa 74:3-7, Psa 79:1; Lam 1:10, Lam 2:20; Eze 7:21, Eze 7:22, Eze 9:7, Eze 24:21; Dan 8:11-14, Dan 9:26, Dan 9:27, Dan 11:31; Rev 11:1, Rev 11:2
her graven images: This was verified when Xerxes destroyed all the temples of Babylon, bc 479.
the wounded: Isa 13:15, Isa 13:16; Eze 30:24; Dan 5:30,Dan 5:31
mount: Jer 51:25, Jer 51:58, Jer 49:16; Gen 11:4; Psa 139:8-10; Isa 14:12-15, Isa 47:5, Isa 47:7; Eze 31:9-11; Dan 4:30; Amo 9:4; Oba 1:3, Oba 1:4
from: Jer 51:1-4, Jer 51:11, Jer 51:48, Jer 50:9, Jer 50:10,Jer 50:21, Jer 50:25, Jer 50:31-34, Jer 50:45; Isa 10:6, Isa 10:7, Isa 13:2-5, Isa 13:17; Isa 41:25, Isa 45:1-5
Jer 48:3-5, Jer 50:22, Jer 50:27, Jer 50:43, Jer 50:46; Isa 13:6-9, Isa 15:5; Zep 1:10; Rev 18:17-19
destroyed: Jer 51:38, Jer 51:39, Jer 25:10, Jer 50:10-15; Isa 15:1, Isa 24:8-11, Isa 47:5; Rev 18:22, Rev 18:23
her waves: Psa 65:7, Psa 93:3, Psa 93:4; Isa 17:13; Eze 26:3; Luk 21:25; Rev 17:15
the spoiler: Jer 51:48, Jer 50:10; Isa 21:2; Hab 2:8; Rev 17:16
her mighty: Jer 51:30, Jer 50:36
every: Jer 49:35; Gen 49:24; Sa1 2:4; Psa 37:15, Psa 46:9, Psa 76:3; Eze 39:3, Eze 39:9
the Lord: Jer 51:6, Jer 51:24, Jer 50:28, Jer 50:29; Deu 32:35; Psa 94:1, Psa 94:2, Psa 137:8; Isa 34:8, Isa 35:4, Isa 59:18; Th2 1:6; Rev 18:5, Rev 18:6, Rev 18:20, Rev 19:2
I will: Jer 51:39, Jer 25:27; Isa 21:4, Isa 21:5; Dan 5:1-4, Dan 5:30,Dan 5:31; Nah 1:10; Hab 2:15-17; Rev 18:6, Rev 18:7, Rev 18:9
sleep a: Psa 76:5, Psa 76:6; Isa 37:36
the king: Jer 46:18, Jer 48:15; Mal 1:14
The broad walls of Babylon: or, The walls of broad Babylon, According to the testimony of Herodotus, the circumference of the walls of Babylon was 480 stadia, or 60 miles, their breadth 50 cubits, and their height 200 cubits; but when Darius became master of the place, bc 516, he took away all their 100 gates of brass, and beat down their walls to 50 cubits; and now not a vestige of these immense fortifications remains, to mark the site of this once mighty city! Jer 51:44, Jer 50:15
broken: or, made naked
high gates: Jer 51:30; Isa 45:1, Isa 45:2
the people: Jer 51:9, Jer 51:64; Psa 127:1; Isa 65:23; Hab 2:13
Neriah: Jer 32:12, Jer 36:4, Jer 45:1
with: or, on the behalf of
quiet prince: or, prince of Menucha, or chief chamberlain
Jer 30:2, Jer 30:3, Jer 36:2-4, Jer 36:32; Isa 8:1-4, Isa 30:8; Dan 12:4; Hab 2:2, Hab 2:3; Rev 1:11, Rev 1:19
and shalt see: Mat 24:1; Mar 13:1
read: Jer 29:1, Jer 29:2; Col 4:16; Th1 4:18, Th1 5:27; Rev 1:3
to cut: Jer 51:25, Jer 51:26, Jer 51:29, Jer 51:37, Jer 50:3, Jer 50:13, Jer 50:39, Jer 50:40; Isa 13:19-22, Isa 14:22, Isa 14:23; Rev 18:20-23, desolation, Heb. desolations, Jer 25:9, Jer 25:12; Eze 35:9
thou shalt bind: This was the emblem of its overthrow and irretrievable ruin; and the same emblem is employed in Rev 18:21, to denote the utter ruin of mystical Babylon. Jer 19:10,Jer 19:11; Rev 18:21
Thus shall: Jer 51:42, Jer 25:27; Nah 1:8, Nah 1:9; Rev 14:8, Rev 18:2, Rev 18:21