Vincent's Word Studies, by Marvin R. Vincent, [1886], at sacred-texts.com
Luke Chapter 6
The second after the first (δευτεροπρώτῳ)
Only here in New Testament. Many high authorities omit it, and its exact meaning cannot be determined. Rev. omits.
Went through (διαπορεύεσθαι)
Rev., was going. Compare παραπορεύεσθαι, went along beside - Mar 2:23.
Cornfields
See on Mat 12:1.
Plucked (ἔτιλλον)
Imperfect; were plucking, as they walked. In classical Greek the word is used mostly of pulling out hair or feathers. See on Mar 2:23.
Did eat (ἤσθιον)
Imperfect, were eating.
Rubbing (ψώχοντες)
The verb means to rub small.
Not lawful
See on Mat 12:2.
Have ye not read (οὐδὲ ἀνέγνωτε)?
The A. V. misses the force of οὐδὲ: "have ye not so much as read?" Rev., "have ye not read even this?"
Did take
Peculiar to Luke.
The shew-bread
See on Mar 2:26.
Lord of the Sabbath
See on Mat 12:6.
His right hand (ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἡ δεξιὰ)
A very precise mode of statement. Lit., his hand the right one. Luke only specifies which hand was withered. This accuracy is professional. Ancient medical writers always state whether the right or the left member is affected.
Withered
See on Mar 3:1.
They watched (παρετηροῦντο)
Imperfect. They kept watching. See on Mar 3:2.
He would heal (θεραπεύσει)
So Rev. Some authorities, however, read θεραπεύει, "whether he is healing." This may mean either "whether it is his habit to heal," which is far-fetched, or "whether he is actually healing."
Find
Peculiar to Luke, and emphasizing the eagerness of the Pharisees to discover a ground of accusation.
He knew (ἤδει)
Imperfect. He was all along aware.
Thoughts (διαλογισμοὺς)
See on Jam 2:4; and Mat 15:19.
I will ask (ἐπερωτήσω)
Peculiar to Luke's narrative. The best texts read ἐπερωτῶ, the present tense, I ask. So Rev.
Life (ψυχὴν)
Better as Rev., a life. Though the question is a general one, it carries a hint of an individual life thrown into it by the special case at hand. See on Mar 12:30. Wyc., to make a soul safe.
Thy hand
The arm was not withered.
They were filled with madness
Peculiar to Luke. Ἄνοια, madness, is, properly, want of understanding. The word thus implies senseless rage, as distinguished from intelligent indignation.
A mountain (τὸ ὄρος)
The article denotes a familiar place. Rev., rightly, the mountain.
Continued all night (ἦν διανυκτερεύων)
Only here in New Testament. Used in medical language. The all-night prayer is peculiar to Luke's narrative.
Chose (ἐκλεξάμενος)
Mark has ἐποίησεν he made or constituted.
He named apostles
Peculiar to Luke.
On the order of the names, see on Mar 3:17.
Andrew
See on Mar 3:18.
James and John
See on Mar 3:17.
Philip and Bartholomew
See on Mar 3:18.
Matthew
See on Superscription of Matthew.
Thomas
See on Mar 3:18.
Simon
Distinguished by Matthew and Hark as the Cananaean. See on Mat 10:4; and Mar 3:18.
Judas
See on Thaddaeus, Mar 3:18.
Judas Iscariot
See on Mat 10:5.
In the plain (ἐπὶ τόπου πεδινοῦ)
There is no article. More literally, and better, as Rev., in a plain or level place. There is a discrepancy in the two narratives. Matthew says he went up into the mountain and sat down. Luk 6:17-19are peculiar to Luke.
Judaea and Jerusalem
See on Luk 5:17.
Vexed (ὀχλούμενοι)
The best texts read ἐνοχλούμενοι, occurring only here and Heb 12:15. From ὄχλος, a crowd or mob, with the idea of want of arrangement and discipline, and therefore of confusion and tumult. Hence it is applied to the noise and tumult of a crowd, and so passes into the sense of the trouble and annoyance caused by these, and of trouble generally, like the Latin turbae. Thus Herodotus says of Croesus, when on the funeral-pile he uttered the name of Solon, and the interpreters begged him to explain what he meant, "and as they pressed for an answer and grew troublesome (καὶ ὄχλον παρεχόντων)" - I., 86. Frequent in medical language. Thus Hippocrates, "troubled (ἐνοχλουμένῳ) with a spasm or tetanus."
Sought - went out (ἐζήτουν - έξήρχετο)
Both imperfects. The A. V. and Rev. lose in vividness by not rendering them accordingly. The multitudes were all the while seeking to touch him, for virtue was going out of him.
Healed (ἰᾶτο)
Compare Mat 14:36; Mar 6:56, where διεσώθησαν, were thoroughly saved, and ἐσώζοντο, were saved, are used. Luke is more technical, using the strictly medical term, which occurs twenty-eight times in the New Testament, seventeen of these in Luke. Luke also uses the two words employed by Matthew and Mark, but always with some addition showing the nature of the saving. Thus Luk 7:3, where διασώσῃ (A. V., heal) is explained by Luk 7:7, ἰαθήσεται, the technical word, shall be healed, and by Luk 7:10, "found the servant whole (ὑγιαίνοντα, another professional word - see on Luk 5:31) that had been sick." Compare, also, Luk 8:35, Luk 8:36, Luk 8:44, Luk 8:47, Luk 8:48. Medical writers do not use σώζειν or διασώζειν, to save, as equivalent to ἰᾶσθαι, to heal, but in the sense of escaping from a severe illness or from some calamity. Luke employs it in this sense - Act 27:44; Act 28:1.
Lifted up his eyes
Peculiar to Luke. Compare he opened his mouth (Mat 5:1). Both indicate a solemn and impressive opening of a discourse.
Blessed
See on Mat 5:3.
Ye poor
See on Mat 5:3. Luke adopts the style of direct address; Matthew of abstract statement.
Kingdom of God (ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ)
Matthew has kingdom of heaven, or of the heavens (τῶν οὐρανῶν), a phrase used by him only, and most frequently employed by Christ himself to describe the kingdom; though Matthew also uses, less frequently, kingdom of God. The two are substantially equivalent terms, though the pre-eminent title was kingdom of God, since it was expected to be fully realized in the Messianic era, when God should take upon himself the kingdom by a visible representative. Compare Isa 40:9, "Behold your God." The phrase kingdom of Heaven was common in the Rabbinical writings, and had a double signification: the historical kingdom and the spiritual and moral kingdom. They very often understood by it divine worship ; adoration of God; the sum of religious duties; but also the Messianic kingdom.
The kingdom of God is, essentially, the absolute dominion of God in the universe, both in a physical and a spiritual sense. It is "an organic commonwealth which has the principle of its existence in the will of God" (Tholuck). It was foreshadowed in the Jewish theocracy. The idea of the kingdom advanced toward clearer definition from Jacob's prophecy of the Prince out of Judah (Gen 49:10), through David's prophecy of the everlasting kingdom and the king of righteousness and peace (Psalms 22, 72), through Isaiah, until, in Daniel, its eternity and superiority over the kingdoms of the world are brought strongly out. For this kingdom Israel looked with longing, expecting its realization in the Messiah; and while the common idea of the people was narrow, sectarian, Jewish, and political, yet "there was among the people a certain consciousness that the principle itself was of universal application" (Tholuck). In Daniel this conception is distinctly expressed (Dan 7:14-27; Dan 4:25; Dan 2:44). In this sense it was apprehended by John the Baptist.
The ideal kingdom is to be realized in the absolute rule of the eternal Son, Jesus Christ, by whom all things are made and consist (Joh 1:3; Col 1:16-20), whose life of perfect obedience to God and whose sacrificial offering of love upon the cross reveal to men their true relation to God, and whose spirit works to bring them into this relation. The ultimate idea of the kingdom is that of "a redeemed humanity, with its divinely revealed destiny manifesting itself in a religious communion, or the Church; a social communion, or the state; and an aesthetic communion, expressing itself in forms of knowledge and art."
This kingdom is both present (Mat 11:12; Mat 12:28; Mat 16:19; Luk 11:20; Luk 16:16; Luk 17:21; see, also, the parables of the Sower, the Tares, the Leaven, and the Drag-net; and compare the expression "theirs, or yours, is the kingdom," Mat 5:3; Luk 6:20) and future (Dan 7:27; Mat 13:43; Mat 19:28; Mat 25:34; Mat 26:29; Mar 9:47; Pe2 1:11; Co1 6:9; Rev 20:1-15 sq.). As a present kingdom it is incomplete and in process of development. It is expanding in society like the grain of mustard seed (Mat 13:31, Mat 13:32); working toward the pervasion of society like the leaven in the lump (Mat 13:33). God is in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, and the Gospel of Christ is the great instrument in that process (Co2 5:19, Co2 5:20). The kingdom develops from within outward under the power of its essential divine energy and law of growth, which insures its progress and final triumph against all obstacles. Similarly, its work in reconciling and subjecting the world to God begins at the fountain-head of man's life, by implanting in his heart its own divine potency, and thus giving a divine impulse and direction to the whole man, rather than by moulding him from without by a moral code. The law is written in his heart. In like manner the State and the Church are shaped, not by external pressure, like the Roman empire and the Roxnish hierarchy, but by the evolution of holy character in men. The kingdom of God in its present development is not identical with the Church. It is a larger movement which includes the Church. The Church is identified with the kingdom to the degree in which it is under the power of the spirit of Christ. "As the Old Testament kingdom of God was perfected and completed when it ceased to be external, and became internal by being enthroned in the heart, so, on the other hand, the perfection of the New Testament kingdom will consist in its complete incarnation and externalization; that is, when it shall attain an outward manifestation, adequately expressing, exactly corresponding to its internal principle" (Tholuck). The consummation is described in Revelation 21, 22.
Now
Peculiar to Luke.
Shall be filled
See on Mat 5:6.
Weep (κλαίοντες)
Strictly, to weep audibly. See on πενθοῦντες, mourn, Mat 5:4.
Laugh (γελάσετε)
Matthew, shall be comforted.
Compare Mat 5:11.
Son of Man
The phrase is employed in the Old Testament as a circumlocution for man, with special reference to his frailty as contrasted with God (Num 23:19; Psa 8:4; Job 25:6; Job 35:8; and eighty-nine times in Ezekiel). It had also a Messianic meaning (Dan 7:13 sq.), to which our Lord referred in Mat 24:30; Mat 26:64. It was the title which Christ most frequently applied to himself; and there are but two instances in which it is applied to him by another, viz., by Stephen (Act 7:56) and by John (Rev 1:13; Rev 14:14 :); and when acquiescing in the title "Son of God," addressed to himself, he sometimes immediately after substitutes "Son of Man" (Joh 1:50, Joh 1:51; Mat 26:63, Mat 26:64).
The title asserts Christ's humanity - his absolute identification with our race: "his having a genuine humanity which could deem nothing human strange, and could be touched with a feeling of the infirmities of the race which he was to judge" (Liddon, "Our Lord's Divinity"). It also exalts him as the representative ideal man. "All human history tends to him and radiates from him; he is the point in which humanity finds its unity; as St. Irenaeus says, ' He recapitulates it.' He closes the earlier history of our race; he inaugurates its future. Nothing local, transient, individualizing, national, sectarian dwarfs the proportions of his world-embracing character. He rises above the parentage, the blood, the narrow horizon which bounded, as it seemed, his human life. He is the archetypal man, in whose presence distinction of race, intervals of ages, types of civilization, degrees of mental culture are as nothing" (Liddon).
But the title means more. As Son of Man he asserts the authority of judgment over all flesh. By virtue of what he is as Son of Man, he must be more. "The absolute relation to the world which he attributes to himself demands an absolute relation to God....He is the Son of Man, the Lord of the world, the Judge, only because he is the Son of God" (Luthardt). Christ's humanity can be explained only by his divinity. A humanity so unique demands a solution. Divested of all that is popularly called miraculous, viewed simply as a man, under the historical conditions of his life, he is a greater miracle than all his miracles combined. The solution is expressed in Heb 1:1-14.
Leap for joy (σκιρτήσατε)
See Luk 1:41, Luk 1:44. Compare Matthew, be exceeding glad (ἀγαλλιἄσθε: see on Pe1 1:6).
Their fathers
Peculiar to Luke.
Woe
These woes are not noted by Matthew.
Have received (ἀπέχετε)
In Mat 6:5, Mat 6:16, the Rev. has properly changed "they have their reward" to "they have received." The verb, compounded of ἀπό, off or from, and ἔχω, lo have, literally means to have nothing left to desire. Thus in Phi 4:18, when Paul says, "I have all things (ἀπέχω πάντα)," he does not mean merely an acknowledgment of the receipt of the Church's gift, but that he is fully furnished. "I have all things to the full."
Consolation (παράκλησις)
From παρά, to the side of, and καλέω, to call or summon. Literally, a calling to one's side to help; and therefore entreaty, passing on into the sense of exhortation, and thence into that of consolatory exhortation; and so coming round to mean that which one is summoned to give to a suppliant - consolation. Thus it embodies the call for help, and the response to the call. Its use corresponds with that of the kindred verb παρακαλέω, to exhort or console. In its original sense of calling for aid the noun appears in the New Testament only in Co2 8:4 : with much entreaty. The verb appears frequently in this sense, rendered beseech, pray (Mat 8:34; Mat 14:36; Mar 1:40; Mar 5:12, etc.). In the sense of consolation or comfort the noun occurs in Luk 2:25; Luk 6:24; Co2 1:3; Co2 7:4; Plm 1:7. The verb, in Mat 2:18; Mat 5:4 :; Luk 16:25; Co2 1:4. In some instances, however, the meaning wavers between console and exhort. In the sense of exhortation or counsel, the noun may be found in Act 13:15; Rom 12:8; Heb 13:22. The verb, in Act 2:40; Act 11:23; Act 14:22; Rom 12:8; Tit 2:15. Neither the noun nor the verb appear in the writings of John, but the kindred word παράκλητος the Paraclete, Comforter, or Advocate, is peculiar to him. On this word, see on Joh 14:16. It should be noted, however, that the word comfort goes deeper than its popular conception of soothing. It is from the later Latin confortare, to make strong. Thus Wycliffe renders Luk 1:80, "the child waxed, and was comforted in spirit" (A. V., waxed strong); and Tyndale, Luk 22:43, "there appeared an angel from heaven comforting him" (A. V., strengthening). The comfort which Christ gives is not always soothing. The Holy Spirit, the Comforter, is to convince of sin and of judgment. Underlying the word is the sense of a wise counsel or admonition which rouses and braces the moral nature and encourages and strengthens it to do and to endure. When, therefore, Christ says "they that mourn shall be comforted," he speaks in recognition of the fact that all sorrow is the outcome of sin, and that true comfort is given, not only in pardon for the past, but in strength to fight and resist and overcome sin. The atmosphere of the word, in short, is not the atmosphere of the sick-chamber, but the tonic breath of the open world, of moral struggle and victory; the atmosphere for him that climbs and toils and fights.
Mourn and weep (πενθήσετε καὶ κλαύσετε)
See on Mat 5:4.
Well (καλῶς).
Handsomely, fairly.
Which hear
With the sense of hearing in order to heed: giving heed. Compare Mat 11:15.
Cheek (σιαγόνα)
Lit., the jaw. The cheek is παρειά. The blow intended is not, therefore, a mere slap, but a heavy blow; an act of violence rather than of contempt.
Taketh away (αἴροντος)
Lit., taketh up, lifteth.
Cloke - coat
See on Mat 5:40.
Every one
Peculiar to Luke. Augustine remarks, "omni petenti, non omnia petenti; give to every one that asks, but not everything he asks."
Asketh (αἰτοῦντι)
See on Mat 15:23. Compare Mat 5:42.
Ask again (ἀπαίτει)
Only here and Luk 12:20. Used in medical language of diseases demanding or requiring certain treatment.
What thank (ποία)?
What kind of thanks? Not what is your reward, but what is its quality ? On thanks (χάρις), see on Luk 1:30.
Lend (δανείζετε)
Properly, at interest.
Sinners (οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ)
The article marks them as a class. So, often in New Testament, as when classed with publicans.
Love
Not φιλοῦσι, which implies an instinctive, affectionate attachment, but ἀγαπῶσιν, of a sentiment based on judgment and calculation, which selects its object for a reason. See further, on Joh 21:15-17. Tynd., the very sinners love their lovers.
Hoping for nothing again (μηδὲν ἀπελπίζοντες)
A later Greek word, only here in New Testament, and meaning originally to give up in despair, a sense which is adopted by some high authorities, and by Rev., never despairing. Luke was familiar with this sense in the Septuagint. Thus Isa 29:19, "The poor among men (οἱ ἀπηλπισμένοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων) shall rejoice." So in Apocrypha, 2 Maccabees 9:18, "despairing of his health;" Judith 9:11, "A saviour of them that are without hope (ἀπηλπισμένων). According to this, the sense here is, "do good as those who consider nothing as lost." The verb and its kindred adjective are used by medical writers to describe desperate cases of disease.
Children of the Highest (υἱοὶ ὑψίστου)
Rev., rightly, sons. Compare Mat 5:45, Mat 5:48.
Kind (χρηστός)
See on Mat 11:30.
Merciful (οἰκτίρμονες)
See on Jam 5:11.
Forgive (ἀπολύετε)
Lit., release. So Rev., Christ exhorts to the opposite of what he has just forbidden: "do not condemn, but release." Compare Luk 22:68; Luk 23:16, Luk 23:17.
Pressed down (πεπιεσμένον)
Only here in New Testament. A common medical term for pressing strongly on a part of the body, and opposed to ψαύειν, to touch gently.
Shaken together, running over
Bengel says, "Pressed down, as dry articles; shaken together, as soft goods; running over, as liquids." But this is fanciful and incorrect. The allusion in every case is to a dry measure; and the climax in the three participles would be destroyed by Bengel's interpretation.
Bosom (τὸν κόλπον)
The gathered fold of the wide upper garment, bound together with the girdle, and thus forming a pouch. In the Eastern markets at this day vendors may be seen pouring the contents of a measure into the bosom of a purchaser. In Rut 3:15, Boaz says to Ruth, "Bring the vail (the mantle, so Rev., Old Testament), that thou hast upon thee, and hold it (hold it open): and he measured six measures of barley into it." Compare Isa 65:7, "I will measure their former work into their bosom; also Jer 32:18. In Act 27:39, the word is used of a bay in a beach, forming a bend in the land like the hollow of a robe. Similarly, the Latin sinus means both the hanging, baggy bosom of a robe and a bay.
Can the blind (μήτι δυναται τυφλὸς)?
The interrogative particle expects a negative reply. Surely the blind cannot, etc.
Lead (ὁδηγεῖν)
Better, guide, as Rev., since the word combines the ideas of leading and instructing.
Shall they not (οὐχὶ)?
Another interrogative particle, this time expecting an affirmative answer.
Perfect (κατηρτισμένος)
Rev., rendering the participle more literally, perfected. See on Mat 4:21. The word signifies to readjust, restore, set to rights, whether in a physical or a moral sense. See Co1 1:10, where Paul exhorts to be perfectly joined together (κατηρτισμένοι) in opposition to being divided. In Gal 6:1, it is used of restoring a brother taken in a fault. Hence the meaning to perfect, as Eph 4:12. Used in medical language of setting a bone or joint.
Beholdest (βλέπεις) - considerest (κατανοεῖς) - mote (καρφος) - beam (δοκὸν)
See on Mat 7:3.
Brother
"Expressing the pretence of fraternal duty. To this is opposed 'Thou hypocrite!'" (Bengel).
Let me east out (ἄφες ἐκβάλω)
with a studied courtesy: allow me to east out.
See clearly to cast out
See on Mat 7:5.
A good tree bringeth not forth corrupt fruit (οὐ ἐστιν δένδρον καλὸν ποιοῦν καρπὸν σαπρόν)
Rev., more correctly, there is no good tree that bringeth, etc. Σαπρόν, corrupt, is etymologically akin to σήπω, in Jam 5:2 : "Your riches are corrupted." The word means rotten, stale.
Neither
Rev., nor again. The A. V. omits again (πάλιν, on the other hand).
Bramble-bush (βάτου)
Matthew has τριβολῶν, thistles. The word occurs only once outside of Luke's writings, in Mar 12:26, where it is used as the familiar title of a section of the Pentateuch. Luke also uses it in the same way (Luk 20:37). He was doubtless acquainted with it medicinally, as it was extensively used by ancient physicians. Galen has a chapter on its medicinal uses, and the medical writings abound in prescriptions of which it is an ingredient. Galen also has a saying similar to our Lord's: "A farmer could never make a bramble bear grapes." It is the word employed by the Septuagint for the bush out of which God spoke to Moses.
Grapes (σταφυλὴν)
Lit., a cluster of grapes.
Evil
See on Luk 3:19.
I will shew you to whom he is like
Peculiar to Luke. See on Mat 7:24.
Digged deep (ἔσκαψεν καὶ ἐβάθυνεν)
The A. V. regards the two words as a strong expression of a single idea; but the idea is twofold: he dug (through the sand), and deepened down into the solid rock. So Rev., rightly, he digged and went deep.
The flood (πλημμύρας)
There is no article: a flood. The word occurs in Luke only, and only in this passage. As a medical term it is used of excess of fluids in the body: flooding.
Beat vehemently (προσέῤῥηξεν)
Rev., more literally, brake. Used by physicians of a rupture of the veins. It occurs only here and Luk 6:49. Matthew has προσέκοψαν, beat.
Upon the earth without a foundation
Matthew, upon the sand. The two men are conceived as alike selecting a spot where the sand overlies the rock. The one builds directly upon the sand, the other digs through and down into the rock.
It fell (ἔπεσεν).
But the best texts read συνέπεσεν, fell together, collapsed. Rev., fell in. Only here in New Testament. In medical language used of the falling-in of parts of the body. Thus Hippocrates, "the temples fallen in: the limb quickly collapses or shrivels." Matthew uses the simple verb ἔπεσεν, fell.
Ruin (ῥῆγμα)
Lit., breaking. Only here in New Testament. A medical term for a laceration or rupture. Matthew has πτῶσις, the fall.