Sacred Texts Bible Bible Critical Views Index Previous
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Pagan Christs, by John M. Robertson, [1911], at sacred-texts.com
Aaron, 175
Abammon, 16
Abipones, the, 49 n.
Abraham, 48, 51 n., 175, and Isaac, 64, 65, 124, 153, 162, 302 n.
Abraxas, 334
Abtinas, 159
Achan, 149 n.
Acolhuan civilisation, 348 n., 366
Acts of Pilate, 202
Addison, L., quoted, 169
Admetus, 324
Adonai, 49
Adonis, Vegetation-God, 307; cult of, 99, 181, 195, 319, 433; resurrection of, 145, 190, 206, 307
Adulterers, eaten, 136 n.
Adversary, doctrine of, 86
Æschylus, 172
Æsculapius, 206
African religion, 41; sacrifices, 106, 117 n., 122; absence of interest in heavenly bodies, 171
Agapæ, Christian, 314, 326, 412
Agesilaus, 127 n.
Agni, gives Gods immortality, 51; origin of, 53, 100, 318; as messenger of the Gods, 216, 221; as Logos, 221, 290; in Vedas, 284; as dove, 290; as bull, 299
Agnostics and atheists, religious by definition, 19 n.; the term "agnostic," 233
Ahura Mazda, origin of, 284-5; relation of to Mithra, 288 ff., 294, 296, 311, 315, 410; a husband and father, 294 n.; in Avesta, 288 ff., 308 n., 311; in trinity, 315; and Ameshaspentas, 317
Ai, 150
Ainu, the, 30
Akatuira, 43
Akkadian civilisation, 78-9, 128, 343
Albanians, human sacrifices by, 125
Alexander Severus, 278
Alexandria, human sacrifice at, 126
Algonkins, human sacrifice by, 156
Allegory in religion, 328-9
Allen, Grant, on Christian origins, xxiii-v; on human sacrifices, 210 n., 317 n.
Alpha and Omega, 142, 164, 294
Altars, 317 n.
Ambassador, sacrificial, 159, 190
Amenthes, Egyptian, 309 n.
America, religions of ancient, 339 ff.; races of, 339 ff.; civilisations of, 345 ff., 347, 380
Ameshaspentas, 296, 311, 317, 320
Amhaaretz, sacrifice of, 160
Amosis, 61
Amun, 92, 95, 205 n.; sacrifice of ram to, 131, 301, 303, 320 n.
Anahid, 293
Anahuac, 342
Anaitis, 217 n., 293, 296, 322, 326
Anathema, 138
Ancestor-worship, 31-2, 40 ff., 47 ff., 103
Andhras, the, 247 n.
Androphagoi, 128
Angels, belief in, 86, 105; the angel in the Pentateuch, 163, 218, 220, 315, 428
Animals, sacred, 184
Anna, 97
Anointing, in sacrifice, 112, 125; of priests, 158; of Jesus, 201
Anquetil, 294 n.
Anthropology, 98
Anthropophagy. See Cannibalism
Anu, 221
Aphroditê, 295; as masculine, 297 n.
Apocalypse, Jesus in, 142, 164; Lamb in, 142, 164, 208, 330; Judaic character of, 164; elders in, 179; Mithraic details in, 205, 208; tau in, 310; Mazdean elements in, 142, 164, 330
Apollo, evolution of, 95, 96, 176 n., 322; cult of, 320 n.; descent to Hades of, 307; human sacrifice to, 124; and Thargelia, 148; titles of, 332; as Teaching-God, 214, 217, 222; Destroyer and helper, 293; as
feminine, 297 n.; Cave-God, 304 n.; God of Rocks, 305 n.
Apollonius of Tyana, 57, 274-80; and Jesus, 277; birth-story of, 277
Aquarius, 337
Arabs, life of, 53 n.; use of cross by, 157; treatment of camels by, 184 n.; human sacrifices by, 126, 131-2, 134 n., 137 n.
Arahatship, in Buddhism, 248
Arbitrary, meaning of word, 5
Archelaus, 264-5
Ardivisura, 293
Arianism, 96
Arishtanemi, 252
Aristobula, 188
Aristophanes, cited, 127
Aristotle, 198
Armenia, Mazdeism in, 291
Arminius, 57
Arnold, 77 n.
Art, Greek, 329; Assyrian and Persian, 300; Mexican, 344
Artaxerxes Mnemon, 290-1
Artemis, human sacrifices to, 60, 188; a saviour, 206
Arthur's Oon, 282
Aryans, religion of early, 53, 71 n.
Ascension, the, 401
Asia, and Oceanic peoples, 153; and America, xxiii, 156, 340 ff.
Assyrian religion, 68, 75, 285; empire, 79; temples, 182 n.
Asuras, 51
Asvamedha sacrifice, 183
Atheism in Brahmanism and Buddhism, 250
Athenæus, cited, 293 n.
Athênê, evolution of, 95; and Parthenos, 135; epithets of, 167 n.; as teacher, 215, 217; origin of, 217 n.; a virgin mother, 322
Athenians, human sacrifices by, 127
Atman, doctrine of the, 251
Atonement, Jewish Day of, 158, 160, 165, 168
Attis, evolution of, 95; cult of, 99, 181, 195, 196; resurrection of, 206, 307; Vegetation-God, 307: tree of, 318 n.; in Orphicism, 322; epithets of, 332 n.
Augustine, as cult founder, 57; cited, 268 n., 272
Augustus, sacrifices to, 129
Aurelian, 325 n.
Australians, aboriginal, 41 n., 44 n., 71, 104, 209 n., 410-1; Frazer and Lang on, 12; ancestor-worship among, 41, 43, 48; ethics of, 71, 72; names of, 100 n., 103; food supply of, 104 and note
Avebury, Lord, 102 n.
Aziluth, 315
Aztecs, religion of, 346 ff.; human sacrifices of, 137, 360 ff., 369 ff., 373; civilisation of, 342, 369, 380 ff.
Bâbism, xvi-xviii
Babylonian creation myth, 130; taboo of God-names, 49; deluge epic, 51; civilisation, 78-9; religion, 51, 303 n., 364; higher aspects, 97; influence on Judaism, 74 ff., 80 ff., 86, 167; on Mithraism, 291-2, 300, 315; human sacrifices, 128; Logos, 218 ff.; hymns and priestly schools, 222 n.; Messianism, 166
Bachichi, the, 134 n.
Baentsch, 84 n.
Bah, the God, 142
Bahram, 266
Bancroft, H. H., cited, 350, 371
Bandelier, 391 ff.
Baptism, Mithraic, 380; Mexican, 356, 379
Barabbas, meaning of name, 146; annual sacrifice of, 162, 182, 185, 186, 198, 400
Barbary, Jewish sacrifices in, 169
Barth, 261
Bataks, religion of, 2 n., 31-2, 42-3; taboo of names among, 49; human sacrifices by, 116, 126; animal sacrifices by, 126, 184; symbolic sacrifices by, 139; ritual cannibalism of, 135, 389
Batchelor, 30
Baur, cited, 244, 259, 326 n.; on Manichæus, 267; on Apollonius of Tyana, 276 ff.
Beatitudes, the, 219 n.
Beausobre, 264 n., 265, 267 n.
Bechuanaland, magic in, 18; names in, 103
Behnya, 117 n.
Belief, nature of, 25
Belisama, 215
Belloguet, cited, 137
Bellona, 129
Beloved Gods, origin of, 3, 263; as Christs, 4; sacramentally eaten, 144;
in Judaism, 163, 166-7, 268; in Greece, 167; in Manichæism, 268; their relation to history, 279; in Mazdeism, 294; survival values of, 328-9; in America, 370 ff.; attributes of, 375 n.
Belti, 297
Bentley, 143 n.
Bernard, St., 426
Bhagavâ, 244
Bibliolatry, 66
Bimbisâra, 252
Bishops, Christian, their rites and robes, 331
Black in sacrifice, 171
Blavatsky, Mme., as cult-founder, 58
Bleek, discussed, 159 n.
Blood, religious use of, 111, 115, 128, 129, 130, 141, 189, 213 n., 320 and note, 362, 373
Bodhisatvas, 257
Boeckh and Burckhardt, cited, 94
Bonny, sacrifices at, 133, 183
Book of the Great Decease, 245
Boora Pennu, 64 n., 109 ff., 215
Boughs, symbolic meanings of, 191 n.
Bouphonia, 130-1
Bousset, xiv
Brahmanism and magic, 13, 21; and pantheism, 76; Logos in, 218-9; creation doctrine of, 221; and Babylonia, 221; and Buddhism, 250, 254 ff., 260, 263
Brahmans deified, 138 n.
Brazil, civilisation of, 348
Bread, sacramental, medicinal virtue of, 144; evolution of, 207 n.
"Brethren of the Lord," xix, 399 ff.
Brinton, cited and discussed, 345 n., 368 n., 375 n., 382
Brown, Dr. G., 351 n.
Brugsch, cited, 77 n.
Bryant, 223
Buckland, A. H., cited, 342 n.
Buckle, 348
Buddha, 4, 57, 238; legend of, 239 ff.; sayings attributed to, 240 ff.; alleged essential teachings of, 241; alleged founding of society by, 242 ff.; meaning of name, 243; multiplicity of, 243 ff., 262; cruces of record of, 246 ff.; details concerning, 250-2; and Asoka, 253 ff.; unhistorical, 256 ff.; Senart on, 258 ff.; alleged tomb remains of, 260-1; inscriptions relating to, 429
Buddhaghosa, 243
Buddhavansa, the, 243
Buddhism, 56; history of, 239 ff.; derivative character of, 247 ff., 256, 260; failure of, 263; in Thibet and Japan, 344
Budini, the, 267
Buffalo, sacred, sacrifice of, 110, 114, 116, 126, 183 n.
Bull, sacred, 184; sacrament of, 140; symbolical meaning of, 298 ff., 320
Burckhardt, cited, 94
Burning and burying of bodies, 312
Burying alive, 379 n.
Byron, Constant on, 58 n.
Caiaphas, 122
Calendar, the Jewish, 145-6; the Mexican and Mongolian, 342
Calf, sacrifice of, as God, 130
Callatians, 128
Calvin, as cult-founder, 57
Camel, white, sacrifice of, 131
Cancer and Capricorn, 323, 337
Cannibalism, 47 n., 65, 104 n., 106; ritual, 106, 132-3, 134, 140 ff., 173, 351, 354, 364 ff., 389; and civilisation, 385
Canning, Major, cited, 389
Capacocha, 378
Carpenter, J. E., 194 n., 305 n., 396; criticised, 427-35; on Prof. Drews, 432 ff.
Carthage, human sacrifices in, 61, 124, 126, 189, 356 n.
Catacombs, religion in, 208, 326, 411
Catholicism and the backward races, 381 ff.
Cave, myths of, 266, 272, 304 ff., 321 ff.; temples, 107 n., 303 ff.
Cecrops, 60
Chaldean religion. See Babylonia
Chambers, E. K., 196 n., 198 n.
Chance in nature, 14 n.
Chandragupta, 253 ff.
Chastity, in pagan cults, 326, 350, 366
Cheetham, 143 n.
Cherubim, the, 309 n.
Child-God, 322
Child-sacrifice, Hebrew, 64, 152, 158; Carthaginian, 65, 124, 126; American, 124, 351, 353; Semitic, 124, 161, 344; Zulu, 124; Arab, 124; Mexican, 124, 344, 356, 373; Polynesian, 154 n.; symbolic, among Christians, 207, 368; Peruvian, 378
Chinese religion, 51 n., 53 n.; human sacrifices, 61 and note; civilisation, 345; Spring Festival, 139-40
Chosroes, fire-temple of, 282
Chrestus, xiv, 406
Christ, the Jewish, 2, 89, 91, 95, 175, 179
Christianity, and magic, 31; and monotheism, 93; anthropophagy in, 141; foundation of, 190; causes of success of, 328-9, 330
Christmas, 293 n., 305, 332, 373
Christs, pagan, 4, 206, 212, 263, 328-9, 370 ff.
Chrysostom, 278
Chuenaten = Akhunaton, 60, 75, 84 n.
Cilician pirates, the, 316 n., 325
Cimbri, human sacrifice among, 123 n., 191 n.
Civilisation, development of, 37 ff.
Claudius, 129
Clavigero, cited, 348 n., 355 n.
Clemen, Prof., criticised, xv, 435-7
Clemens Alexandrinus, cited, 174n., 272
Coatlicue, 359
Cock, sacrifice of, 118 n.; Jewish sacrifice of, 168 ff.; African sacrifice of, 170-1; Greek sacrifice of, 171; Ghasiya sacrifice of, 172; Chinese sacrifice of, 171 n.; in legend of Peter, 333
Codooloos, the, 114
Colenso, xv
Communion, Christian, 212; theories of, 143. See Eucharist and Sacrament
Comte, cited, 15; on law of three stages, 384; as cult-founder, 58
Confucius, 239
Congo, sacrifices in, 170
Conquest and civilisation, 36, 79
Consciousness, religious, 24, 25, 27, 34, 60, 62
Constant, B., cited and discussed, 58 n., 384
Constantine, 325
Convents, pagan, 353
Cortès, 371
Cosmic emotion, 58
Couperie, 61 n.
Cow, the sacred, 130
Crawley, Rev. E., criticised, xiv, 402 ff.
Criminals, sacrificed, 125, 127, 134 ff., 182
Criobolium, the, 208, 303, 335
Crocodile, sacrifices to, 155
Cross, the, in human sacrifice, 112-13, 118, 151, 154, 157; Judaic symbol, 157, 158; meanings of, 190; in Osirian cult, 190 n., 196; in other cults, 319, 368; Arab symbol, 157; Hindu symbol, 157 n.; Mithraic symbol, 309
Crowns, in sacrifice, 112, 114 n., 178, 191; in Mithraism, 314, 319 n. Crucifixion, the Christian, 118 ff., 144 ff.; Roman resort to, 120 n., 126; mode of, 152; of Prometheus, 167; of Cyrus, 167; of Manichæus, 266; mystical, 196; in pagan cults, 319, 389, 433
Crux Ansata, the, 189
Cubricus. See Manichæus
Cudworth, cited, 419
Culin, S., cited, 341 n.
Culture-history, difficulties of, 349; value of American civilisations for, 349
Cumont, services of to hierology, xxii; on distribution of Mithraic monuments, 282 n.; on Gods as fathers, 294 n.; on Chaldean elements in Mithraism, 300 n.; on cave-worship, 304 n.; on Apuleius, 321 n.; on Roman Mithræums, 324 n.; on women in Mithraism, 326 n.; and Fr. Martindale, 426
Cunningham, J. F., 107
Cup, the mystic, 318
Custom, dissolution of, 37
Cyprus, human sacrifices in, 61
Cyrus, debt of Judaism to, 67, 83; and Sacæa, 148 n.; crucifixion of, 167; and history, 232; tomb of, 273; birth of, 321
Dabaiba, 350
Dagon, 208
Dahomey, human sacrifices in, 61, 136; cannibalism in, 141
Dall, cited, 346 n.
Damascius, 220
Damis, 276
Daniel, 316
Dapper, 109 n.
Darius, 290
Darmesteter, on age of Avesta, 285; on Ormazd and Mithra, 288-9; on Mazdean literature, 290; on Logos in Mazdeism, 296 n.; on Mithraic bull, 298 n.; on Mithraic trials, 308 n.; on
[paragraph continues] Judaism and Persia, 315 n.; on stable-birth, 322-3 n.
Daumer, xxv
Davids, Prof. Rhys, services of to hierology, xxvi; on Buddhism, 240 ff.
Davies, Prof. T. W., on magic and religion, 12-13
Death, savage views of, 1, 48; in ritual, 308
Deformed persons sacrificed, 139
Deissmann, 429-30
De la Roche, cited, 278
Delitzsch, 75 n.
Dêmêtêr, epithets of, 167 n.; cult of, 142, 176 n., 191, 195; as teacher, 215
Descent to Hades, of Apollonius of Tyana, 277; an astronomic myth, 303; of Herakles, 307; of Mithra, 307, 323, 421; of Apollo, 307
De Soyres, 274 n.
Despotism and civilisation, 36, 38
Deutsch, cited, 314
Devil, notion of, 86
Dewadatta, 252
Dhammapada, the, 241, 244, 257
Dinga, 109
Dio Cassius, cited, 125 n.
Dionysius the pseudo-Areopagite, 418
Dionysos, origin of, 53 and note, 100; evolution of, 96, 97, 321; Omêstês, 123; cult of, 97, 99, 130, 132, 144, 167, 176 n., 181, 195, 330; sacrifices to, 123, 130, 140, 301; the Liberator, 167; two-formed, 180; myths of, 64 n., 185, 206, 321 and note, 323; Eucharist of, 142, 195, 207, 318; as teacher, 214-15; as feminine, 297 n.; epithets of, 167, 206; vegetation-God, 307
Dioscuri, the, 206
Diphilus, 61
Disease, savage views of, 1
Dissent, scientific aspect of, 96
Dods, Dr. M., cited, 265
Dog, sacramentally sacrificed, 140, 352; sanctity of, 312; the symbolic, 299
Dove, sacred symbol, 92 n., 223, 290
Drama, conditions of, 197, 198; Peruvian, 377-8. See Mystery-Drama
Draper, cited, 380 n.
Dreams, belief in, 44
Drews, Prof. A., xi, xii, 398, 432
Drugging in sacrifice, 113, 114, 116, 119, 140 n., 155
Druids, human sacrifices of, 128, 129
Drummond, 226
Drunkenness, religious, 293 n.
Durkheim, cited, 19
Easter, lamb sacrificed at, 143, 318, 320; image of child eaten at, 207; a solar festival, 306
"Eating the God," 136, 141, 368. See Eucharist and Sacraments
Ebritum, sacrifices at, 132
Economics of religion, 79, 88, 92, 280, 324, 327, 369, 372
Eddy, Mrs., as cult-founder, 58
Egeria, 217
Egg, the Easter—a cosmic symbol, 208, 221; blessing of, 143
Egyptian religion, 15, 21 n., 23, 44, 60, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 87 n., 92 n., 105; human sacrifices, 61; sacraments, 142; hieroglyphics, 190 n., 345; deification of kings, 47; taboo of God names, 49; influence on Hebrews, 67; monotheism, 77; ethics, 77; cross, 189; Teaching-Gods, 214; symbols, 309 n.
Elagabalus, 125, 129 n., 326 n.
Eleezer, Rabbi, 178 n.
El Elyon, 175
Elias of Crete, 308 n.
Ellis, A. B., cited, on Gods of fear, 2; on thank offerings, 105 n.; on slain messengers, 108 n.; on African sacrifices, 117 n.; on white in sacrifice, 151 n.
El Shaddai, 67 n.
Enemies, sacrificed, 135 n., 351, 364
Epimenides, 149
Epiphanius, 204 n.
Er, 272
Erua, 221
Eskimo religion, 14 n.
Esoteric religion, 330
Esther, 145
Ethical Societies, Crawley on, 404
Ethics, Christian and pagan, 32, 426; and early law, 54-5; and religion, 40, 55, 56, 58, 72, 76 ff.; Hebrew, 68 ff.; sacrificial, 32, 72; Mithraic, 288-9, 311, 326; Mazdean, 288-9, 312; Ancient American, 366 ff.; Brahmanic, 290 n.; of Apollonius of Tyana, 279; and supernaturalism, 383 ff.
Euboulos, 304
Eucharists, Egyptian, 142; heredity of, 31, 90; Jewish, 164, 168 ff.; Dionysiak, 142, 195, 207, 318; Mithraic, 142-3, 174, 207, 307 ff., 318, 332 n.; other pagan, 207 n.; Christian, 141, 206-7; total evolution of, 209-13; ancient American, 144, 351, 352, 364 ff., 368, 373
Euripides, 97
Eurynomos, 94 n.
Evangelists, emblems of, 309 n.
Evans, A. J., cited, 304 n., 345
Ewald, 67
Executions, sacrificial, 135 ff.
Exorcism, 31
Ezekiel, 157
Ezra, book of, 83
Fabricius, V., cited, 15 n.
Family and religion, 45, 52, 54
Farrar, A. S., cited, 75
Fasts, pagan, 350
Fate as ruling the Gods, 15
Fawckner, 138 n.
Fear, Gods of, 1-3; religion of, 11, 27, 40, 41
Feathers as sacred symbols, 359, 360
Feeling and religion, xv, 29, 33
Feridun, 232
Festivals, dates of, 324
Fichte, 56
Fiji, priest-kings in, 36; religion in, 343 n., 386; cannibalism in, 133, 134 n., 365
Fire, symbolic, 206; cult of, 373, 377
Fire-God, sacrifices to, 119, 271, 344, 373; as Logos, 221; Babylonian, 269; American, 119, 271, 368, 373; origin of, 285, 318; festival of, 368; sacrament of, 368, 373
Firmicus, 296, 306, 310 n., 318
First-born, 296; sacrifices of, 123, 128, 152; name of Logos, 218, 222, 224, 296
Fish, the divine, 207, 301-2, 364
Fison, Mr., cited, 41
Flaubert, 82
Flaying, in human sacrifice, 137, 190, 266, 270, 344, 364, 373
Fleet, Dr., 261
Florus, cited, 125 n.
Fohsu, 117 n.
Folklore, xxii
Fomagata, 360
Founder, place of in religion, 57-8
Four, sacred number and symbols, 309 n.
Francis Island, cannibalism in, 135
Francis, Saint, 57
Fraud, religious, 63
Frazer, J. G., services of, to hierology, xxiii; theory of, as to Christian sacra, 118, 144 ff.; on magic and religion, 11 ff., 20, 24, 36; on the Christian crucifixion, 118; on Athenian human sacrifices, 127; on Barabbas, 162; on Purim, 143, 145, 168; on Firmicus, 306 n., 319 n.; on Vegetation-Gods, 307; on magic and progress, 35 ff.; on magic and art, 35 n.; on Adonis, 433; on Godhood of kings, 47 n.; on primitive idea of duration, 47; on totemism, 99 n., 102 n.; on Porphyry, 137 n.; on Gods and animals, 320 n.; on entry into Jerusalem, 185; on sacrificial scourging, 189 n.
Freethinkers, duty of, 383
Furuhers, 294 n.
Fustel de Coulanges, discussed, 54
Gall in the mysteries, 191
Gallwey, quoted, 154
Gammadion, the, 309
Ganesa, 157 n.
Garcilasso, 378
Gauls, human sacrifices by, 137
Gebelezeis, 269
Gelele, King, 61
Gelon, 61
Genius, moral, and religious reform, 60, 72, 78
George, St., 333
Gezo, King, 61
Ghasiyas, sacrifice by, 172
Ghillany, xxiv, xxv, 150 n., 173
Ghosts, savage ideas of, 41 ff., 54
Gill, cited, 43
Girard, discussed and cited, 50 n., 94
Gladstone, cited, 68 n.
Glass, as cult-founder, 57
Gnosticism, and ancestor Gods, 47; and Judaism, 95; and the early Church, 96; and mystery dramas, 204 n.; and fish symbol, 208; and Babylonian theosophy, 222, 267; and Mithra, 334
Goat-God, the, 85, 106, 302, 323; sacrifice of, 106, 151
Goddesses evemerised, 166 n.
Gods, origins of, 1-2, 3, 41 ff., 47 ff., 53; names tabooed, 49; as eaters of human flesh, 47 n.; evolution of, 50 ff.; relation of, to men, 1, 8, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22, 28, 40, 42 ff., 52, 71, 79; supreme, 24, 71, 86, 87, 96, 358; secondary, 89, 95 ff., 99 ff.; creative, 43, 87, 96, 350, 358, 363, 376; Saviour, 99, 294; sacrificed, 99 ff., 130 ff., 362, 363; teaching, 214 ff.; as children, 322
Gold Coast, sacrifices on, 117 n.
Golden Rule, in Lao Tsze, 219 n.
Goldziher, discussed, 70 n.
Gonds, cannibal sacrament of, 132; symbolism of, 139
Gore, Bishop, 404
Gospels, the, crucifixion details in, 119 ff., 192, 193; theophagy in, 141; text of mystery drama in, 197 ff.; their value as history, 228 ff., 234-6; brethren of the Lord in, 399-400; the Primitive, 201
Gracchus, 331
Granger, cited, 2 n.
Grannos, 215
Gratian, 331
Gratitude in religion, 3, 8, 29, 40
Graves, evolution of, 317 n.
Greek religious thought, 15, 52, 94; influence on Judaism, 88, 90; influence on Semitic culture, 218 n.; influence on Islam, 93; influence on Rome, 45-6; science, 38; human sacrifices, 60, 64, 135; animal sacrifices, 171; ethics and Jewish, 68 n.; culture, value of, 76
Gregorie, 176 n.
Gregory, St., 331
Griffin, 300 n.
Grote, on human sacrifice, 127; on historical evidence, 231 ff.
Guatemala, human sacrifice in, 354, 362-3
Gubernatis, xxvi
Guerinot, 252 n.
Guiana, sorcery in, 23 n.
Guizot, 294 n.
Gunkel, 437
Hades, 53
Hadrian, 125
Haeckel, cited, 341
Haidas, sacrifices of, 171 n.
Haigh, on Dionysus, 97 n.
Hair, cutting of, for sacrifice, 111, 307
Hanging as mode of sacrifice, 149-50, 151
Harnack, xii
Harrison, Miss, on the religion of fear, 3 n.; on origin of Dionysus, 53 n.; on sacrifice, 106 n., 171
Harvest, sacrifices at, 149
Hathor, 53
Haug, cited and discussed, 286 n., 288
Havet, cited, 315
Hawaii, Teaching-Gods of, 215
Haynes, cited, 340 n.
Hebrew religion, 16, 42, 47 n., 48, 49, 51, 64, 80 ff., 180; monotheism, 66 ff., 74, 76 ff., 80 ff., 87; ethics, 68 ff., 75 ff., 81, 93; polytheism, 67 ff., 86, 91; effects on, of Exile, 65; aspects of, at Return, 72-3, 82, 83, 85 ff.; overvaluation of, 74 ff., 76 ff., 84; literature, 72, 74 ff., 84, 85; culture and commerce, 88; temple finance, 88; expansion, 89; fraudulent history, 80 ff.; festivals, 145 ff.; human sacrifices, 64, 135 n., 149-50, 158 ff., 189; taboo of names, 49; dualism, 86; prophets as cult-founders, 57; high-priests, 88; cosmology, 75; superstition, 86-7, 93; eucharists, 168 ff.; obsession of blood, 189
Heifer, sacrifice of, 158
Heinrici, xiii
Hell, the Christian, 205
Herakleitos, Logos of, 218 n., 222
Herakles, in Homer, 81 n.; labours of, 308, 336; cult of, 99, 131, 167, 195, 337; sacrifices to, 130, 195, 337; crown of, 191; cave God, 304 n.; resurrection of, 195 n., 307; a Saviour, 206; and history, 234
Hercules, 337
Heresy, 96
Hermes, as teacher of Apollo, 214; rival and son of Apollo, 292; Logos, 217, 222; epithets of, 299; birth of, 304 n., 321 n.; as lamb bearer, 332
Herod the Great, character of, 90; and Antigonus, 181; theatres built by, 204
—— Antipas, in Gospels, 193, 199
Herodotus, cited, on Egyptian sacrifices, 123, 131; on Scythians, 127-8; on Herakles in Egypt, 191; on Osirian mysteries, 194; on the Budini, 267; on Zalmoxis, 269; on Persian religion, 295
Hershon, 168
Hervey Islands, religion in 43, 181
Hiawatha, 352
Hibbert Journal, review in criticised, xii, 396 ff.
Hierocles, 278
Hierology, purpose and principles of, xxii, 98, 387
High-places, Assyrian, 182 n.; vogue of sacrifices on, 292-3; Asiatic and American compared, 343, 354; Polynesian, 343; Mexican sacrifices on, 362; in legend of Quetzalcoatl, 366
Hillebrandt, 290 n.
Hillel, 179
Hindus, religion of early, 41, 47 n.
History, critical method in, 231 ff.
Hobbes, 29
Holden, 124 n.
Holy Spirit, sex of, 92, 220, 297 n.; in Judaism and Jesuism, 92; the Christian, 96-7; in paganism, 206; evolution of, 220; in Philo, 227-8
Hommel, discussed, 74 n.
Horace, 129
Hormisdas, 266
Horos, 131 n., 206, 306, 319 n.; as fish, 208, 302 n.
Horse, sacrifice of, 183-4
Hubert et Mauss, cited, 134 n.
Huitzilopochtli, 144; as teacher, 214; symbols of, 357; temples of, 343; evolution of, 357 ff.; sacrifices to, 362, 363; eucharist of, 373
Human origins, 340 ff.
Hume, 384
Huxley, services of, to hierology, xxvi; on Hebrew development, 65 n.; on Hebrew monotheism, 76, 77 n.; on the Bible, 77 n.; on agnosticism, 233; on witch of Endor, 233; Crawley on, 402
Hyde, cited, 265 n.
Ibsen, 197
Ibus, the, sacrifice among, 136 n.
Idolatry, resistance to, 70, 82, 85, 298
Idols, Mexican, 353
Ifa, 217
Ihering, von, 53-4
Ihne, 45
Immortality, idea of, 47 ff.; acquired by Gods, 51; doctrine of, in Mithraism, 311, 314; Gnostic, 222; baneful effect of, 385
Imperialism, ancient, 79, 324-5, 328; and human sacrifice, 361
Incas, 366, 376 ff.; rationalism among, 383
India, sacred animals in, 184
Indian religion, 44, 47 n., 51, 72, 218-9 (see also Buddhism); human sacrifices, 122, 212; use of cross, 157 n. Indra, evolution of, 95
Indulgences, 380
Initiation, rites of, 308; grades of, 309 Inquisition, in Mexico, 381, 402
Iphicrates, 61
Irrational, meaning of word, 4 ff.
Isaac, 51 n., 64, 65, 124, 153, 162
Isaacs, Hyam, 168
Isaiah, and suffering Messiah, 166-7; and the mystic rock, 316-7
Ishmael, 162
Isis, 16; as magic-worker, 21 n.; cows sacred to, 159 n.; and Nephthys, 195; in Plutarch, 299; mysteries of, 204 n., 308 n., 321 n.; as teacher, 215
Israel (Kronos), 161, 162 n., 186
Issedones, 128
Ixion, 318 n.
Jacobi, cited and discussed, 250, 251 ff.
Jainism, 243
Jairus’ daughter, story of, 277
Jakri, the, 110
Jamblichus, cited, 16
James "brother of the Lord," xviii, xix, 399 ff.
Jansen, 57
Jansenism, 196 n.
Janus, Jevons on, 45; evolution of, 46; as teacher, 214; and Mithra, 325; and Peter, 332-3, 406
Japan, ancestor-worship in, 43; human sacrifices in, 61, 138, 183
Jastrow, cited, 76 n.
Jensen, 437
Jerome, on Gospel According to Hebrews, 192 n.; on Archelaus, 264; on Mithraic initiation, 308-9, 416; on Bethlehem cave, 321
Jerusalem, siege of, 191
Jesus (= Joshua), cult of, 57, 90 ff., 95; crucifixion legend of, 118 ff., 144 ff., 192; the Apocalyptic, 142, 164, 205 n., 208; a pre-Christian God, 162 ff., 398; a demi-god in the "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," 164, 188; unhistorical, xvii ff., 228 ff., 396 ff.; as Fish, 207, 302; in Pauline epistles, 237, 400; in Manichæism, 273; as Rock, 317; litany of name of, 332, 423-4; pagan attributes of, 332
— high-priest of the Return, 86 n., 91, 166
— son of Ananus, 193
— the Talmudic, 91, 194, 205, 237, 397, 405
Jevons, F. B., discussed, xxvi, 4 ff., 20 ff., 52, 59, 62, 65 n., 67 n., 70, 74 n., 94, 384; on earliest Gods, 1, 22, 23, 41; on taboos, 4-7, 25, 384; on rise of idea of duty, 6, 55; on superstition, 8; on magic and religion, 9-11, 14, 20, 22, 46; definitions of religion by, 20 ff., 24, 34, 60 n.; on the sacramental meal, 22, 59; on Egyptian religion, 23; on Supreme Gods, 24; on Pantheism, 24; on animism, 24; on belief, 25; on mythology, 26; on religious evolution, 27, 59-65 n.; on the Eleusinian mysteries, 28; on totemism, 27, 44, 99 n., 100 n., 102 n.; on ancestor worship, 41, 44, 52; on human sacrifices, 154 n., 209 n.; on sacred stones, 317 n.; on king-priests, 374; on Mexican priests, 375 n.; on Roman religion, 45; on religious reformers, 62; on Monotheism, 65 n., 69 n.
Jews, contemporary, rites of, 152. See Hebrews
Johnston, Sir H., on negro religion, 40, 170-1
Jolley, A. J., cited, 201
Jonah, book of, 85
Josephus, on siege of Jerusalem, 120 n.; on Jewish human sacrifice, 173; on temple miracle, 191; on Herod's theatres, 204
Joshua (= Jesus) the high-priest, 86 n., 91, 166; myths of, 64, 72, 163, 396, 428; sacrifices to, 64 n.; the hero, 91; sacrificial acts of, 150, 181; an Evemerised deity, 163 ff.
Josiah, 82
Jovian, 328
Judas, 121-2, 197, 198, 199, 398, 401
Julius Cæsar, sacrifices by and to, 129; cited, 137
Juno, 359
Jupiter, human sacrifices to, 128, 129
Justi, cited, 291 n.
Justin Martyr, on the paschal lamb, 157 n.; on Mithraic eucharist, 307, 421; on Mithraic rock, 316
Ka, the Egyptian, 44
Kafirs of Hindu-Kush, sacrifices by, 184
Kalmucks, the, 134 n.
Kalthoff, A., xiv
Kanerki, 316 n.
Kant, 56
Kapparoth, the, 168 ff.
Karaboodi, 111
Karhada Brahmans, human sacrifice by, 119
Karma, 248
Kasyapa, 244
Keane, A. H., 346 n.
Kepler, 93 n.
Kern, 261
Keys, the divine, 206, 292, 298, 330 n., 333
Khonds, ancestral Gods of, 47 n., 108; human sacrifices of, 64 n., 72, 108 ff., 118, 130, 183 n.; and images, 71 n., 108, 109 n.; ethics of, 72; religion of, 108-9; of Maliahs, 109, 110 n., 111 n., 113; myths, 111; ritual, 111 ff., 182, 193, 307 n.; liberty of victim among, 185; Teaching-Gods of, 215; mnemonics of, 345; priests of, 366
Khonsu, evolution of, 95; and Amun, 131, 320 n.; attributes of, 206
Khorda Avesta, 285
Khosrus, religion of, 319 n. See Chosroes
Kidd, 402
Kin eating, 136
King, C. W., cited, 282, 332 n.
Kings as Gods, 47 n.; sacrifices of, 137, 145, 148 ff., 161, 181, 182, 186; and priests, 288 n., 353; and progress, 35-6, 75, 361; abolition of human sacrifice by, 60 ff., 361
Kingsborough, Lord, 349 n.
Kingsley, Miss, 41
Kinvad bridge, 311
Kista, 315
Kitimba, 155
Koeppen, 242 n.
Kollmann, P., cited, 30
Koreamoku, 215
Krishna, evolution of, 95; and Buddha, 239, 252, 262; cult of, 284; and Jainism, 252
Kronos, human sacrifices to, 126, 137, 161, 162 n., 186; cult of, as Zervan, in Mithraism, 283, 291, 417 Kuenen, cited, 67 n., 68 n., 260 Kulischer, xxiv
Lactantius, 278; cited and discussed, 121 n., 129, 279
Laing, S., 402
Lajard, services of, to hierology, xxii; on Riccio, 283; on Mithraic origins, 300 n.; on Mithraic degrees, 309, 417; on Mithraic monuments, 325 n.
Lake of fire, the, 205
Lamb, the divine, 142, 208; the God, in the Apocalypse, 142, 164, 205 n., 320; substituted for children in sacrifice, 153, 213 n.; sacrificed by Christians, 143, 207, 318, 320; as crucified, 157 n.
Lampridius, 313
Lang, A., cited: on taboo, 4; on Dr. Frazer's definition of religion, 12 n.; on ancestor-worship and name-taboo, 48, 49; on Zulu religion, 50 n.; on Supreme Gods, 71, 384, 386; on Dr. Frazer's theory, 146, 148 n., 149; on the paschal massacre, 152 n.; on scourging of victims, 188; on the Golden Bough, 191 n.; on sacrifices, 209 n.; on savage survivals, 384; on Australian religion, 12; on primitive idea of immortality, 47; on totemism, 100 n., 102 n.
Language, evolution of, 346
Lao-Tsze, 219 and note
Lardner, cited, 278
Lares Praestites, the, 46
Las Casas, 381
Law, early, and religion, 55 ff.
Leibnitz, 283
Lenormant, cited, 296 n.
Lent, 306
Leonard, Major, 133 n., 134 n.
Letourneau, cited, 209 n.
Letronne, 300 n.
Leucadia, sacrifice at, 139
Libra, 323
Lillie, cited and discussed, 254 n.
Limb-breaking, in sacrifice, 113, 119, 153, 155, 156
Lion-headed God, 283, 291, 298
Literatures, ancient, 78
Livy, cited, 129 n.
Logoi, 226
Logos, doctrine of, in Jewry, 86, 90, 163-4, 178, 218, 222, 226; in the Apocalypse, 205 n.; in Egypt, 217; in Mazdeism, 218, 289; in Mithraism, 292, 296, 314 ff., 409; evolution of, 218 ff.; in Brahmanism, 218-9; in China, 219; in Plato, 220; in Babylonia, 220 ff.; in Philo, 220, 223-8; in Mexico, 375 n.; in Clem. Alex., 174 n.; in Greece, 217, 218 n.
Lord's Day, 175, 180, 305, 429
Lubbock, Sir J., 102 n.
Lucian, 73
Lunus, 177
Luther, as cult-founder, 57
Lyall, Sir A. C., on magic and religion, 11; on origins of Gods, 231 ff. Lycaon, 123
Lycurgus, 238
Lydus, Johannes, 305 n.
Mabon, 215
Maccabees, the, 89
Macdonald, Rev. D., 43 and note, 102 n.
Macpherson, 108
Macrobius, 419
Madagascar, taboo in, 50 n.
Magi, the, 322-3 n.
Magic, origin of, 10, 15, 23, 28; and religion, 7, 9 ff., 28 ff., 99; in Brahmanism, 13; in Egypt, 13; in Chaldea, 14; primitive, 13 ff., 21; among Jews, 16, 21 n., 30; "sympathetic" and "art," 16, 28, 29, 182; and progress, 35 ff.; and art, 35 n.; private and public, 29
Mahaffy, cited and discussed, 127
Maimonides, 179
Maistre, Joseph de, cited, 381
Maitreya, 257
Malabar, human sacrifice in, 138
Malachi, 87
Malagasy, taboo of names by, 50 n.
Malayan human sacrifices, 122; animal sacrifices, 170-1
Malcolm, cited, 119
Maleus, 161
Mamili, 117
Manah, 177 n.
Manco Capac and Mama Ocello, 215, 342
Manes, the, 46
Mangaia, 152 n.
Manichæism, 96, 273; and Mithraism 334
Manichæus, legend and problem of 264 ff.; flaying and crucifixion of 266; name of, 268; story of, and cave, 269; mystery-drama of, 272 writings of, 273
Manna, 177 n.
Manu, Queen, 61
Manyema, the, 155
Maoris, magic and religion among, 13 14; and images, 71 n.; cannibalism of, 104 n., 365; human sacrifices by 122, 161 n., 209 n.; and colour red 271 n.
March, 359
Marcion, 274
Marduk. See Merodach
Margoliouth, Dr., discussed, 396
Mariner, cited, 116 n., 365 n.
Mark, gospel of, 229 n.
Markham, C., discussed, 378 n.
Mark on the forehead, the mystic, 309.
Mars, human sacrifices to, 129; symbol of, 319, 357; names of, 357; and Mithra, 325; origin and evolution of, 358-9; the star, worship of and sacrifices to, 271
Marti, 84 n.
Martindale, Fr., criticised, 413 ff.
Marucchi, 335 n.
— Magdalene, 185
Masai, the, 36 n.; taboo of names among, 50
Mashya and Mashyana, 294 n.
Maspero, cited, 13
Mass, the, origin of name, 425
Massey, G., cited, 297 n.
Massilia, human sacrifice at, 139 n.
Matarisvan, 221 n.
Maui, 43
Maury, 136 n.
Mazdeism, origins of, 288 ff., 291; prayer in, 305 n.; and Judaism, 83, 85-6, 166, 218 ff., 320, 422-3
Mead, G. R. S., 204 n.
Mediatorial Gods, 206, 222, 294 and note, 314, 412
Medicine, from the Gods, 215
Meir, Rabbi, 165 n.
Meis, 266
Melchizedek, 175-6
Melkarth, human sacrifice to, 126; and Athamas, 302 n.
Menahems, 268
Menelaus, 123
Menu, 238
Meredith, G., quoted, 229
Meriah, 110 ff.
Merodach, and Ea, 95, 216; in creation myth, 130; and book of Esther, 145; as mediator, 206, 222 n.; as Logos, 216; as Saviour, 222 n.; festival of, 292; and Nabu, 292
Mesi, King, 62 n.
Mesopotamian culture, 69, 74, 75, 78-80
Messenger, sacrificed, 105 ff., 190; of the Gods, 216, 217, 269, 270, 344
Messiah, rise of doctrine of, 79, 89, 166, 180; as priest, 158, 175, 179; in Book of Enoch, 89, 167; the two Messiahs, 167, 268-9; the suffering Messiah, 120, 166-7, 269 n.; Mexican, 370 ff.
Metatron, the, 163, 220 n., 314-5
Methana, sacrifices at, 171
Mexico, religion of ancient, 355 ff.; human sacrifices in, 132, 151, 271, 360 ff.; ethics of ancient, 366 ff.; eucharist in, 144; Teaching-Gods of, 216; language of, 382 n.; modern civilisation of, 382
Mexitli, 358
Meyer, E., cited, 51 n., 217 n.
Michelet, cited, 379 n.
Mihrgan, 323
Mihrvard, 322 n.
Milinda, King, 249
Mills, L. H., cited and discussed, 286 ff., 295 n.
Minayeff, 260
Minos, 217
Minucius Felix, 129
Miriam, 165-6
Mirror as symbol, 344
Missa, 332 n.
Mithra, symbols of, 142, 298 ff., 309; sacrament of, 143, 174-5, 207, 307, 318, 332 n.; two-formed, 180, 296; three-formed, 296; resurrection of, 195, 306, 317; cult of, 181, 205. 208, 281 ff., 303 ff., 310 ff.; attributes of, 206, 288 ff.; sacrifice of, 299, 300, 303, 320; festivals of, 293 n.; mysteries of, 195, 302, 305, 306 ff., 314, 317 ff., 415 ff.; as tree-God, 319; and Lunus, 177; titles of, 429-30; evolution of, 95, 288 ff.; human sacrifice
to, 126, 292, 312-3; names containing name of, 291 n.; a Pagan Christ, 294; name of month, 323; descent of, into Hades, 323
Mithradates, 325
Mithraism, 281 ff.; vogue of, 281, 324, 413; monumental remains of, 282 ff.; derivation of, 283 ff.; absorption of, in Christianity, 310 ff., 327 ff., 424; organisation of, 330; didactic side of, 310 ff.; ethics of, 288-9, 311, 326; Tisdall on, 408 ff.; Martindale on, 413 ff.
Moabites, human sacrifice among, 161
Mockler-Ferryman, 134 n.
Mohammed, 64, 65, 238-9. See Islam
Mokoiro, 43
Monarchy and monotheism, 69, 76, 86
Monkey sacrificed, 117
Monotheism, evolution of, 66 ff., 76, 82 ff., 84 n., 87
Moon-worship, 159, 170-1, 177. See Mên
Mordecai, 145
Moses, 57; and Mithra, 16; as God, 17; myth of, 67, 80, 175, 190, 217, 238, 239, 273 n., 316-7; in Philo, 226-7
Mother-Goddess, Babylonian, 220; in Christianity, 228, 333; in Paganism, 321-2, 333; Mexican, 364
Mounds, the Mississippi, 343, 354
Mount, the heavenly, 287 n.
Mourning, ritual, 306
Moymis, 220
Muggleton, 58
Muir, 218-9
Müller, J. G., cited and discussed, on monotheism and polytheism, 69 n.; on theophagy, 144; on Asia and America, 347; on feather symbol, 359 n.; on humanity in religion, 366 n.
— K. O., on Dionysus, 97 n.; on Apollo, 307
— Max, his teaching, 71 n.; on the Logos doctrine, 218; on Brahmanism and Buddhism, 253 n.; on Mitra, 293 n.
Mundus, 304
Murray, Gilbert, quoted, 97
Musæus, 238
Mylitta, 295-6
Mystery-drama, the Eleusinian, 28, 195; the Christian, xi, xxi, xxv, 187, 188, 193, 194-204, 212, 396 ff., 436; first Christian production of, 204; the Rhodian, 187; in the pagan cults, 181, 194, 205, 308-14; survivals of, 391 ff.; the Manichæan, 272
Mythology, significance of, xxii; arbitrary treatment of, 41; definitions of, 26
Myths, origin of, 52; and history, 231 ff.
Nagasena, 249
Nairyô-sangha, 312
Names, magical virtue of, 21 n., 49, 163, 220; origin of, 100 ff.
Narcotics in human sacrifice, 113, 114, 116, 119, 138, 140 n., 153, 155, 390
Narrinyeri, taboo of names among, 49; ngaitye of, 103; Teaching-Gods of, 214
Natchez, religion of, 353
Nature, idea of law in, 16
Nazarite, Jesus as, 186
Ndengei, 365 n.
Neander, 267
Nebo. See Nabu
Nehemiah, book of, Persian influence on, 83, 86
Nergal, 172 n.
Nero, 129 n.
Neumann, cited, 322 n.
New Hebrides, religion in, 43
— F. W., 65 n.
New-Year days, 146, 160-1, 292
Nietzsche, 403
Nigeria, human sacrifices in, 132, 135; cross in, 154; animal sacrifices in, 170; cattle sacred in, 184; Teaching-Gods of, 217; trinity in, 223; creation in, 221
Nile, sacrifice to, 135
Nine, sacrifice of, 107 and note
Ninlil, 297
Nonnus, 416
Nous, 315
Nubia, cannibalism in, 133
Numina and Gods, 45
Nurundere, 214
Nuruz, 319 n.
Obubura sacrifices, 151
Occult, idea of, 15
Oceanic peoples, Asiatic origin of, 153
Oddēs, the, 125 n.
Odin, cult of, 151; as teacher, 215
Odyssey, the, 81 n.
Oki, 351
Oldenberg, cited, 13; on Buddhism, 245, 247, 255, 259
Olympic Gods, 86
Omar Khayyam, cited, 309 n.
Only-begotten, sacrifice of, 137, 162, 187, 351; name of the Logos, 218, 222; saviours, 167
Onophrius, 190 n.
Origen, 21 n., 92, 162, 302, 328
Ormuzd, 283. See Ahura Mazda
Orpheus, descent of, to Hades, 191 n., 307; as teacher, 217; and the bough, 191 n.; a day God, 307; and history, 238
Orphicism, egg in, 208; Attis in, 322
Osiris, 16, 53; resurrection of, 92 n., 144, 189, 306, 318; cult of, 99, 181, 306; as child, 131 and note; evolution of, 53, 95; mysteries of, 194-5, 196, 205, 217, 306, 319, 433; names of, 190 n.; attributes of, 206, 330; as Teaching-God, 214; in Plutarch, 299
Ostiaks, sacrifice by, 115 n.
Ouranos, 217
Padæans, 128
Palanque, ruins of, 348
Pallas, 313 n.
Pantheism, 24; rise of, 76, 84, 87
Papa = Pope, 335
Papuan religion, 14 n.; cannibalism, 134 n.
Parnapishtim, 51
Parsees, the, 89
Partridge, C., 150-1
Passion plays, 391 ff.
Passover, date of, 145-6; and crucifixion, 149; rite of, 152, 157, 163, 213 n.
Pater Patrum, 336 ff.
Patroclus, 107 n.
Paul, as cult-founder, 57; and Jesus, xiii, xviii, 121, 234-5, 236, 237, 397 ff.; on the crucifixion, 196; and his converts, 314
Peacock, symbol, 109
Pelopidas, 127 n.
Penitentes, 391 ff.
Persephonê, 167 n., 191 n., 195, 306 n.
Persian religion, influence of on Jewish, 83, 84, 85-6, 315 n.; human sacrifices, 123
Peru, ancient religion of, 215-6, 272, 376 ff.; civilisation of, 347, 380; drama in, 193, 377
Peter, and cock, 199, 333; treason of, 199, 202; and rock, 202, 317, 330; and Proteus, 332-3; and Janus, 332-3; chair of, 334 ff.
Petronius, cited, 1
Pfleiderer, xiii, 435 n.
Philo, Logos doctrine of, 220, 223-8; relation of, to Hebrew sacred books, 227 n.; his conception of sacrifice, 177-8, 227 and note
Philostratus, 275 ff.
Phœnician human sacrifices, 61, 64, 124, 126
Phrixos, 302
Phrygia, religion in, 274, 318
Pidyen haben, 152
Pig, sacred, sacrifice of, 154
— "Acts of," 202
Plato, Logos of, 220, 222; birth story of, 239, 277
Plunkett, Miss, 285 n., 300 n.
Plutarch, cited, 125 n.; his Isis and Osiris, 299; on Mithra, 412
Polynesia, intoxicants in, 116; mystic rock in, 316; human sacrifice in, 122, 154, 209 n.; symbolic use of boughs in, 191 n.; pyramid-temples in, 343 n.
Polytheism, 66 ff.; ethics of, 69, 70, 71 ff., 77 ff.
Pompey, 325
Pomponius Mela, cited, 128
Porphyry, and Abammon, 16; on human sacrifices, 129, 137; on the Rhodian sacrifice, 137, 187; on Mithra, 299 n., 319, 320, 337, 430; on sacred caves, 304; on Mithraic initiation, 308-9
Poseidon, 330
Prajapati, 219
Prah, 117 n.
Pratt, A. E., cited, 14 n., 134 n.
Prayer, logic of, 19, 21, 32; psychology of, 35
Preller, 180 n.
Priests, as taboo-makers, 6; and religion, 6, 13, 17; inspired by the God, 216; and Kings, 62, 288 n., 374; as promoters of human sacrifice, 361, 364-5, 366, 374 ff.; hostility of to magic, 30; reduction of status of Gods by, 51; and reform of religion, 60, 62; psychology of, 367
Privileges of victims, among Codooloos, 114; among Khonds, 111, 116; at Bombay, 119; among Albanians, 125; at Rhodes, 137; in Polynesia, 154; in America, 354, 363; at Bonny, 183; among Native Americans, 183; among Hindus, 183-4
Prometheus, crucifixion of, 167
Prophets, sincerity of, 62-3
Protestantism and the backward races, 382
Psychology of religion, 34-5, 39
Punjab, religion in ancient, 253 ff.
Purgatory, doctrine of, 333
Purity of sacrificial victims, 135, 151, 153, 161, 352
Pushan, 284 n.
Pyramid-temples, Assyrian, 182 n.; vogue of, 273, 292; Asiatic and American, 343, 354; Polynesian, 343; Mexican, 362, 366
Quetzalcoatl, 216 n., 360, 368 n., 370 ff.
Quipus, 345
Quma, 342 n.
Ra, 216
Rain, God of, women sacrificed to, 135, 151; Hebrew sacrifices to, 150; in Mexico, 356, 368 n.
Ram, sacrificed, 117, 131, 319, 320; the mystic, 298 n., 301-2, 319, 320
Rama, 259
Rangi, 43
Ransom in sacrifice, 170
Rasmussen, cited, 14 n.
Rawlinson, cited and discussed, 290, 298 n.
Reason and religion, 39
Reclus, Elie, cited and discussed, 111 n., 114, 115
Red, colour, in human sacrifice, 112, 114, 119, 158, 270-1, 272, 344
Redemption, Jewish rites of, 152
Native Americans, religion of, 15, 343; cannibalism among, 133; taboo of names among, 49 n.; crucifixion among, 151 n.; sacrifices of, 106, 122, 124, 133, 151, 152 n., 183
Reinach, S., on religion, 58 n.; on totemism, 99 n., 100 n.
Religion, meaning of, 7, 8, 11, 12, 28, 32; definition of, 57-8; and taboo, 6, 7, 25, 33-4; and philosophy, 32 ff., 39, 56; and magic, 9 ff., 12 ff., 28 ff.; and totems, 19, 44; and law, 54-6; scientific view of, 20, 28 ff., 52, 56, 57-8, 385; evolution of, 66, 94 ff.; and reform, 60 ff.; fixation in, 66; retrogression in, 41 n., 140; and ethics, 367-8; Constant on, 58 n., 384; Reinach on, 58 n.; Réville on, 58 n.; Crawley on, 402 ff.
Renaissance, culture of, 39
Renan, 66; on the Jews, 94; on the Greeks, 94; on night in the East, 198; on Mithraism, 330 n.; on Bâbism, xvii
Renouf, Le Page, cited, 77 n., 87 n.
Resurrection, idea of, 144, 189; of the saints, 192, 200. See Immortality, and Osiris, Mithra, Dionysos, Herakles, etc.
Réville, A., on religion, 58 n.; on burying alive, 379 n.; on polytheism, 71 n.; on Apollonius of Tyana, 276, 277 n.; on Judaic science, 93 n.; on American civilisations, 342; on Jansenism, 196 n.; on cross-symbol, 368 n.; on Christianity and Mythology, 435
— J., 277 n.
Rhodes, human sacrifices at, 65 n., 137, 186, 187
Riccio, 283
Ritter, 267
Rix, Herbert, xvi
Robe, the Buddhist, 242 n., 344; the seamless, 330; of righteousness, 364
Rock, of Israel, 175, 316, 317; in Jesuism, 202, 316, 330, 331, 335; in Mithraism, 305, 316 ff., 410; in other cults, 316
Roman symbolism, 139; human sacrifice, 128-9, 135 n.; religion, 2 n., 32, 45 ff., 51 n., 53, 68; law, 53 n.; imperialism, 80; civilisation, 39; taboo of God names, 49
Romulus, 238
Rongo, 43
Roscher, xxii
Roskoff, cited, 57 n.
Rossi, 283
— de, 336
Russia, human sacrifice in, 122
Ruth, book of, 85
Sabbath, institution of, 82, 175
Sacraments, nature of, 28; and totemism, 99; cannibal, 22, 65, 124, 128, 141 ff.; Polynesian, 154; of Native Americans, 156; Hebrew, 168 ff.; Dionysiak, 195; Mithraic, 142-3, 174, 207; Pagan, 207 n.; Christian, 143, 207; total genealogy of, 211; American, 351, 352; Mexican, 364 ff., 373; Peruvian, 378-9; Scythian, 128
Sacrifices, ethic of, 32; Hebrew, 106, 168 ff.
— human, disused in prosperity, 64; revived in disaster, 65, 140; forms of, 105 ff.; in Greece, 60-1, 123, 129, 135, 139; in Egypt, 61, 123, 129, 135; Phœnician, 61, 64, 124, 126, 129; Polynesian, 61, 122, 150 n., 151, 154, 156, 189; Japanese, 61. 127, 183; in Dahomey, 61, 136, 270; Chinese, 61, 366; Hebrew, 64, 65, 107 n., 124, 149-50, 158 ff., 168 ff., 186, 189; Athenian, 106, 127; in Uganda, 107, 125 n., 155; at Benin, 107-8, 135, 138 n., 151, 154; in Sumatra, 116, 126; in Nigeria, 132, 134, 136 n., 150; to the Rain God, 135; to the Nile, 135; in Malabar, 138; in Brazil, 350-1; American, 106, 122, 183, 350 ff.; Mexican, 119, 151, 271, 360 ff.; Peruvian, 366, 378; Khond, 108 ff.; universal, 122 ff.; Albanian, 125; to Zeus, 123, 125; to Jupiter, 128, 129; ancient Mesopotamian, 128; Persian, 123; Roman, 128-9; Arab, 126, 129; Rhodian, 137; analogous to executions, 135; evolution of theory and practice of, 138 ff., 156, 186 ff., 209-13, 361; Teutonic, 151; to Dionysos, 123; to Kronos, 126, 137; to Melkarth, 126; to Mithra, 126, 312; Scythian, 127-8, 269, 270; to the sea, 129 n., 183; in Bombay, 119; African, 122, 132-3, 151; Malay, 122; Indian, 122, 127; Russian, 122; Maori, 122, 365; Aryan, 122; Slavonic, 123; in modern Greece, 125; by Catalinarian conspirators, 125; in Gaul, 137
Sagan, the, 159
Sahagun, 381
Salamis, human sacrifices at, 125, 127
Salih, 270 n.
Sallust, cited, 125 n.
Samaritan religion, 85, 86, 92, 163, 213 n.
Samoans, taboo of names by, 50 n.; human sacrifices by, 61, 150 n.; religion of, 103, 386
Samson, an Evemerised god, 81, 292; a deliverer, 167; only begotten, 167; as Nazarite, 186; Sun-God, 186, 307; and Mithra, 292; death of, 307; labours of, 308
Sancu, 379
Sandeman, 57
Sandwich Islands, human sacrifice in, 156
Saoshyant, and Jewish Messianism, 166; characteristics of, 206, 322; and Mithra, 322, 420; Tisdall on, 411
Saracen culture, 39
Sargon, 317
Sarpanitum, 221
Satapatha Brāhmana, 117
Saturn, sacrifices to, 126; as Teaching-God, 214. See Kronos
Saturnalia, 186
Saul, 233; sons of, sacrificed, 149, 161, 181, 189
Saussaye, C. de la, 45
Savages, progress among, 35 ff.; forward races and, 381 ff.; psychology of, 42
Saviour-Gods, 99 ff., 206, 222
Sayce, cited, 14, 220; discussed, 74 n., 411
Scalping, 344
Scapegoat, 184; sacrifice of, 105 ff., 138, 158-9, 189
Schmiedel, xi, 229 ff.; his nine trustworthy texts, xix, 230 ff.
Schürer, cited, 92 n., 160 n., 174 Schwab, cited, 159 n.
Schweitzer, Dr. A., xiv, 435 n.
Scourging, sacrificial, 188-9
Scythians, cannibalism among, 127; human sacrifices by, 127-8, 269, 270
Seel, H., 414
Seeman, B., 343 n.
"Self-made" Gods, 175
Semites, ethics of, 53 n.; sacrifices of, 64, 65, 124, 135; modern, 152, 157; sun-and-moon-worship of, 171. See also Hebrew and Phœnician
Senart, cited and discussed, 252 n.; 258 ff.
Sepher Toledoth Jeschu, the, 220, 406
Serapis, 95
Seven, sacred number, 164, 181, 205 n. 309 n., 317
Sex, ethic of, 77-8
Sexes, union of in deity, 293, 296-8, 418
Sexual liberty of sacrificial victim, among Khonds, 111, 185; among Codooloos, 114; among Native Americans, 183; in Mexico, 363
Shakespeare, 197
Shamai, 179
Sheep, sacrifice of, 131, 272, 379; sacred, 184
Shekinah, 86
Shema, 49
Shew-bread, 178-9
Shintoism, 344
Sidonius Apollinaris, cited, 278
Silenus, 215
Simon of Cyrene, 199
— Magus, 252
Sin, theory of, 404
Sin-offerings, 189
Sioux, human sacrifice by, 351
Siün, 61 n.
Skeat, W. W., 171 n.
Skins, sacrosanct, in Mexico, 137, 271, 344, 364, 368, 373; in Scythia, 190, 270
Smith, Prof. Robertson, cited and discussed, on origin of Gods 1 n.; on origins of religion, 52; on Mohammed, 65 n.; on Jewish monotheism, 69; on animal sacrifice, 131: on Arab sacrifices, 132 n., 134 n.; on executions and sacrifice, 150 n.; on Jewish mystery revivals, 173; as editor, 281, 431; on Mexican sacrifices, 363 n.; on sacred skins, 364; on decay of cannibalism, 365 n.
— Adam, cited, 15
— Prof. W. B., xi, 398
Sokrates (Ecclesiastical Historian), on Mithraic sacrifices, 126, 313; on Manichæus, 264
Solomon, 85
Soma, the, gives Gods immortality, 51; feast of, 175; origin of, 53; in Persia, 285; deification of, 100, 318
Son of God, notion of, 95 ff., 322; sacrifice of, 161-2
Sophia, doctrine of, in Judaism, 90, 92, 221, 222; evolution of, 219, 221, 222; in Philo, 223, 227; in Christianity, 228; in Gnosticism, 315
Sophocles, 195
Spartans, sacrifices of, 135 n.
Spencer, H., 71 n.; cited, 40, 50 n.; on origin of Gods, 42; services of, xxiii, xxvi; on origin of totem, 100-1; on funeral sacrifices, 209; on tree of knowledge, 318 n.; on evolution of altars, 317 n.
Spiegel, cited, 269, 274 n., 409
Spitta, F., xii, xiii
Sraosha, 296 n., 314, 315, 322, 410
Stable, the sacred, 322-3 n.
Steinthal, cited, 17 n.
Stevenson, W. B., cited, 342 n.
Strabo, on Leucadian sacrifice, 124; on Albanian sacrifice, 125; on Sacæa, 148 n.; on Omanus, 296
Strack, H. L., 160 n.
Substitution in sacrifice, among Greeks, 60, 131; in Japan, 61; by kings, 60, 61; among Koyis, 117; among Brahmans, 117; in India, 118 n.; in Polynesia, 118 n., 154; among Arabs, 131; in Egypt, 131; reason of, 134; among Malays, 171 n.; in Fiji, 365 n.; in Mexico, 369
Suetonius, cited, xiv, 129, 406
Suidas, quoted, 314
Sun-Gods, 293-4, 299 ff., 305; titles of, 175; symbols of, 190; births of, 321; Hebrew sacrifices to, 150; sacrifice of horse to, 184; and Goat-Gods, 302
Sun-worship, 172, 350, 356, 363, 376-7
Supernatural, meaning of word, 1, 20; idea of, 9, 20
Superstition, meaning of, 8-9; Hebrew, 86-7, 93; in times of crisis, 140 ff.
Supper, Holy, 143, 174, 176, 196. See Eucharists
Survival, laws of, in religion, 27, 280, 328
Swastika, the, 309
Sword = cross, 319
Symbolism, in sacrifice, 139, 144; in Mithraism, 298 ff.; in Plutarch, 299; in ancient religions, 328
Synagogues of dispersion, 168
Syncretism in religion, 294 n.
Taaroa, 316
Taboo, origin of, 5-6; effects of, 7; and religion, 6, 7, 49, 55, 57, 404; and social obligation, 6, 55; of names, 49 ff.; among Hebrews, 49; force of, 100
Tacitus, on the Christians, 406
Tahiti, sacrificial usages at, 151, 152 n., 365; cannibalism in, 133
Talmud, 78 n., 119 n., 158, 268, 428
Tammuz, resurrection of, 145, 189; name of, 162, 301; cult of, 162, 185, 321
Tangaloa, 216
Tannese, the, 109 n.
Tao or Tau, 219
Tarsus, religions of, 195, 316 n.
Taurobolium, the, 208, 303, 335
Tauthê, 220
Taylor, Rev. R., on Maori magic, 1314; on Godhood of chiefs, 41; on Maori images, 71 n.
Teaching-God, notion of, 56; primary, 214-8; Mexican, 370
Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 164, 188
Tears, in Jewish ritual, 159; sacrificial value of, 115, 189
Tell, William, 239
Temple, Jewish legends of, 191-2
Temptation-myth, modern criticism of, xii, xiii
Teraphim, 353
Terebinthus, 264
Tertullian, cited, on child sacrifice, 126; on sacred blood, 129; on willingness of victim, 121 n.; on Mithraism, 308; on cult of Herakles, 337; on mysteries of Osiris, 306
Tezcatlipoca, as son and lover, 322 n.; symbol of, 344; attributes of, 358, 363, 375; festival of, 363; and Quetzalcoatl, myth of, 370
Tezcucans, civilisation of, 348 n., 366
Thadda Pennu, 109
Thargelia, 106, 127, 139, 148, 188
Thartaboodi, 111
Theism, 12, 19, 33; and kingship, 55
Themistocles, 127
Theodosius, 95 n.
Thomas, St., 349 n.
Thomson, B., 134 n.
Thoth, and magic, 21 n.; and seven, 205 n.; as teacher, 214, 216; moon-god, 217, 221; influence of, on Judaism, 221
Thrace, human sacrifice in, 129
Three, sacrifice of, 115, 181 ff.
Thunder-God, sacrifices to, 141
Tibet, 136
Tiele, on Hebrew religion, 76 n.; on Hermes, 217 n.; on magic of names, 220; on Anaitis, 296 n.
Tisdall, Dr., criticised, 408 ff.
Tlascalans, civilisation of, 345, 368
Toleration, ancient, 75
Toltecs, 348, 361; religion of, 370 ff.
Tonga Islands, human sacrifice in, 61, 151; enemies eaten in, 133; child sacrifice in, 154 n., 365; religion in, 216
Torquemada, cited, 355 n.
Torture in human sacrifice, 115, 119, 133
Totem, deification of, 44, 100; eating of, 99, 104
Totemism, 19, 27, 44, 99; and civilisation, 37 n.; origin of, 100 ff.; sacrifices relating to, 110 n., 210
Transfiguration, the, 203, 204
Tree, the sacred, 118, 318, 319; Mithra in, 319. See Cross
Trinity, doctrine of, 87, 295; in Egypt, 206, 295; in China, 219; in Judaism, 228; in Mazdeism, 309 n., 315; in Akkad, 297; in Babylonia, 206, 297; in Hinduism, 295; in Nigeria, 220; in Christianity, 228
Trumbull, cited, 213
Tu, 215
Tupinambos, human sacrifice by, 350-1
Turner, quoted, 103
Twelve, eucharist of, 175, 179; apostles, 164, 180, 399; labours, 308, 335, 336; tables, 238; sacrifice of, 107 n.
Two-sexed deities, 297 n., 322
Tylor, cited, 342-3, 372 n., 382
Tyre, human sacrifice in, 126
Uganda, limb-breaking in, 155; cannibalism in, 136; human sacrifice in, 107, 125 n.
Ui, 61
Unas, King, 47 n.
Unitarianism and Christian origins, 431
Upavasatha, the, 175
Uranus, myth of, 53 n.
Usher, 268
Usury among Hebrews, 87
Vacca, 283
Vaggians, tribe of, 245
Valverde, 381
Van Manen, xviii, 237 n., 259 n., 398, 400
Varro, 134 n.
Vasishtha, 251
Vatea, 43
Vatican Mount, the, 335 ff.
Veda, first created thing, 219; second created, 219; Agni's mouth, 219
Vedantism, 219
Vegetation-Gods, 191 n., 195, 307, 358, 433
Venus, 53; double sex of, 297 n.; the star, 351
Vestals, 379 n.
Vinet, xxv
Viracocha, 376
Virgil, 191 n.
Virgin-birth, myths of, 316, 321-2, 359, 410, 420
Virgins, sacrificed, 135; Pagan, 353
Vishnu, 262
Visions, psychology of, 34
Visperâd, 285
Vitality in religion, 402 ff.
Vizaresha, 311
Vohumano, influence of on Judaism, 222; in Mazdeism, 226; character and attributes of, 296; in Vendidad, 311; = Sraosha, 322, 410; and Mithra, 332, 410, 418
Voltaire, xv
Votan, 371
WAFER, the sacred, 207 n., 208
Wakamba, the, 2 n.
Wakeman, 402
Wamyamwezi, the, 2 n.
Ward, Lester, 33 n.
War-Gods, evolution of, 358-9
Warneck, cited, 2 n., 32 n., 42-3, 136
Water, sacrament of, 143; and the Spirit, 221; Goddess of, 356
Weber, cited, 221 n.; discussed, 250 ff.
Week of the Son, the, 166
Wellhausen, cited, xii, 67
White in sacrifice, 151, 168, 170, 172, 184, 352
Whydah, sacrifices at, 133
Wiedemann, 47 n.
Williams, T., cited, 386
Winckler, cited, 296 n.
Windischmann, xxii
Winds, sacrifices to, 171
Wine, sacrament of, 142 ff., 175 ff.; given to victims, 119 ff., 137, 354; God of, in Mexico, 375. See Dionysos, Soma, and Haoma
Wisdom, Book of, 227
Wisdom. See Sophia
Witchcraft, effects of, 31
Witch of Endor, 233
Women, position of in ancient world, 78; in Mithraism, 325-6; in Polynesia, 365; sacrifices of, 135, 364; pregnant, in Jewish ritual, 158; Christian Messiah and, 185; and Buddhism, 249
Word. See Logos
Writing, art of, 81
Xerxes, 231
Xipe, human sacrifices to, 137, 390
Xiuhteuctli, 119, 271, 368, 373
YAHWEH, name of, 220; sacraments of, 174, 175, 177; name tabooed, 49; priestly theory of, 68; as bull, 70 n.; frauds upon, 72, 87; nature of, 73; worship of, 67, 70 n., 78, 152; rise of, 81 ff., 95; as rain-giver, 73, 82, 178; as Saviour, 206
Yakuts, the, of Siberia, 184
Yama, 41
Yashts, the, 285
Yasna, 285
Yasoda, 252
Yeschu, 162
Yima, 299
Yoke, the mystic, 206
Yom Kippur. See Atonement, day of
Yucatan, religion of, 353; civilisation of, 354
Yuluca, 359
Zaden, 291 n.
Zahn, Prof., xii
Zapotecs, the, religion of, 356 n.
Zarathustra, as cult founder, 57; and Saoshyant, 166, 322; unhistorical, 238, 286; and Er, 272; and cave, 272, 304; Mills on, 286 ff.; cult of, 286 ff.; in Vendidad, 311, 314; his descent to Hades, 324 n.; his birth story, 324 n.
Zechariah, cited, 73, 317; and Mazdeism, 422-3
Zervan, 283
Zeus, 64 n., 96, 294 n.; Lycæus, 60, 127; human sacrifice to, 125, 127; rain-giver, 177; a Saviour, 206; reason of, 217; lawgiver, 217; cave-born, 321 n.
Zipaltonal, 360
Zodiac, and lamb sacrifice, 142; in Judaism, 179 n.; in Christism, 185; in Mithraism, 299, 337; bull in, 298 n.; origin and antiquity of, 300 and note; and evangelist symbols, 309 n.; and cults of antiquity, 299 ff.; and chair of Peter, 336
Zoganes, the, 160
Zoroaster, 57, 272. See Zarathustra
Zulus, human sacrifice by, 124
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