Pagan Christs, by John M. Robertson, [1911], at sacred-texts.com
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PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION |
xi |
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INTRODUCTION |
xxi |
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THE RATIONALE OF RELIGION |
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CHAP. I.THE NATURALNESS OF ALL BELIEF. |
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§ 1. |
Origin of Gods from fearfrom loveBeloved Gods the Christs of the world's pantheonArbitrary Classifications | |
§ 2. |
All beliefs results of reasoningTabooFormulas of Mr. Lang and Dr. JevonsPrimary and secondary tabooMoral correlationsTheory of religion and magic | |
§ 3. |
Dr. Jevonss theories of religious evolutionContradictionsThesis of "superstition" | |
§ 4. |
Scientific view of the "religious consciousness"idea of "the supernatural"Fear versus gratitudeRise of magicMeaning of "religion" | |
§ 5. |
Dr. Frazer's definitionits inadequacyConflict of formulasAntiquity of magicAnalogies of religion, magic, and scienceMagic homogeneous with religionInconsistencies of magicMagic in the Old TestamentInconsistencies of later religion | |
§ 6. |
The scientific inductionMagic and religion interfluentThe theory of prayerDr. Jevonss reasoning here reduces the religious type to the Atheists and Agnostics | |
§ 7. |
Dr. Jevonss series of self-contradictionsHis coincidence with Dr. Frazer in excluding belief from the concept of religion | |
§ 8. |
His contradictory doctrine of the conditions of survival in religionValue of his workCauses of its fallacies | |
§ 9. |
The continuity of religious phenomenaHomogeneity of all magic and religious ritualElijah as magicianComparative harmfulness of priesthoods and sorcerersThe dilemma of Christian ethicsPhilosophy in religionDr. Jevonss psychology"Impressions" versus "projections"Results of his classificationReligion "rational" even if not "reasonable" | |
§ 10. |
Dr. Frazer's sociological vindication of the sorcererIts à priori characterIts antinomianismIts confusion of the problem of the beginnings of culture with that of the spread of civilisationChecked by inductionSketch of the actual evolutionThe need to guard against deduction from presuppositions | |
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§ 11. |
The beginning of the end of religionEarly interweaving of cosmology and ethicsFear and gratitude alike operative in timeAncestor-worshipDr. Jevonss thesis of its latenessHis argument finally a petitio principiiEvidence against him from his own pages"Ghosts" versus "spirits" | |
§ 12. |
Historic view of ancestor-worshipConflict of formulas of Mr. Lang and Dr. FrazerThe anthropological solutionFluctuations in the status of ancestor-GodsTaboo of names not necessarily oblivionGods names tabooedGods relatively raised and ancestors depressedPrimary deification of ancestors implied in the factsVerbalist definitions of "ancestor"Ancestors one of the types of friendly GodGods originating from abstractionsArguments of Von Ihering and Fustel de Coulanges on ancestor-worshipPropitiation from fear and from loveHorde-ancestor Gods and family GodsEvolution of law-giving God | |
§ 13. |
Interactions of norms of conductReligion and monarchyReligious cast given to law and ethicsThe authoritarian element a mark of religion | |
§ 14. |
Definition of religion | |
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§ 1. |
Early Forces of Reform. Christian partisanshipDifficulty of being impartialThe authoritarian idealGenius and religious reformRarity of reform through priesthoodsReality of priestcraft | |
§ 2. |
Reform as a Religious Process. Fictitious literatureReform by strategyConditions of moral betterment for the HebrewsConditions of religious survival | |
§ 3. |
Polytheism and Monotheism. Religious evolution conditioned politically and sociallyMonotheism and polytheism alike thus conditionedNo unique bias in the case of IsraelPressures towards monotheism and towards polytheismThe former usually an external bias, without psychological sincerityHebrew and Roman theology comparedMonotheism does grow out of polytheismHebrew monotheism not a monarchic but a sacerdotal creationMonotheistic and polytheistic ethic comparedThe conventional viewEthic associated with "Supreme" GodsRational testsEthic of post-exilic JudaismEconomic forces in cult-makingChastening effects of national disaster | |
§ 4. |
Hebrews and Babylonians. Babylonian influences on Judaic thoughtHigher developments of polytheismInternational ethic lower among monotheists than among polytheists | |
§ 5. |
Forces of Religious Evolution. The socio-political factorsSocial decadence in Mesopotamia, with religious activityFatality of imperialism | |
§ 6. |
The Hebrew Evolution. Rise of the cult of YahwehLiterary beginningsPractical polytheismThe attempted reforms of JosiahProbable negative resultsDevelopments of Yahwism |
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in the exileEffects of Persian contactThe Return a process of hierocratic selectionThe process of literary fabrication Higher literary fruition | |
§ 7. |
Post-Exilic Phases. Cramping effects of racial sectarianismChange nevertheless inevitableModifications of beliefHebrew thought monotheistic only on the surfacePolytheistic superstition never eliminatedEarly Christian and Moslem thought on the same planeSocial failure in Jewry as elsewhereExpansion of Jewry in Gentile landsHellenistic reactionsThe Maccabean renascence | |
§ 8. |
Revival and Disintegration. The renascence a second process of hierocratic selectionParallel case of ParsismSpecial fecundity of JewsRenewed process of doctrinal modificationDevelopment of a Secondary GodThe Jesuist movementIts dependent relation to Judaism up till the destruction of the TempleFusion of the secondary God-ideas in JesusThe economic situationSeparate Christism a result of the fall of the TempleLater JudaismPersistence of sacrifice up to the political catastropheConventional comparisons of Hebrew and Greek ethic and character | |
§ 9. |
Conclusion. All religions processes of evolutionary changeGeneral law of the substitution of Son-Gods for the olderAnalogous cases in Greece, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, and JewryThe psychological processModification of IndraHis supersession by KrishnaAdaptations of OsirisAdvent of SerapisJesusApollo, Dionysos, and ZeusRecession of the Supreme GodHeresy and dissent phases of the total evolutionary processConditions of sect-survivalConditions of survival for deitiesThe Holy SpiritThe Virgin MotherYahweh and JesusMary and AnnaJoseph and MaryChrist-making thus a form of Secondary-God-makingAll Secondary Gods evolved from prior materialsThe moral metamorphosis of Bacchus"Culture-religion" thus an evolution from "nature-religion" | |
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SECONDARY GOD-MAKING |
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CHAP. I.THE SACRIFICED SAVIOUR-GOD. |
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§ 1. |
Totemism and Sacraments | |
§ 2. |
Theory and Ritual of Human Sacrifice | |
§ 3. |
The Christian Crucifixion | |
§ 4. |
Vogue of Human Sacrifice | |
§ 5. |
The Divinity of the Victim | |
§ 6. |
The Cannibal Sacrament | |
§ 7. |
The Semitic Antecedents | |
§ 8. |
The Judaic Evolution | |
§ 9. |
Specific Survivals in Judaism | |
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§ 10. |
The pre-Christian Jesus-God | |
§ 11. |
Private Jewish Eucharists | |
§ 12. |
The Eucharist in Orthodox Judaism | |
§ 13. |
Special Features of the Crucifixion Myth | |
§ 14. |
Possible Historical Elements | |
§ 15. |
The Gospel Mystery-Play | |
§ 16. |
The Mystery-Play and the Cultus | |
§ 17. |
Further Pagan Adaptations | |
§ 18. |
Synopsis and Conclusion: Genealogy of Human Sacrifice and Sacrament | |
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Diagram | |
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CHAP. II.THE TEACHING GOD. |
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§ 1. |
Primary and Secondary Ideas | |
§ 2. |
The Logos | |
§ 3. |
Derivations of the Christian Logos | |
§ 4. |
The Search for a Historical Jesus | |
§ 5. |
The Critical Problem | |
§ 6. |
Collapse of the Constructive Case | |
§ 7. |
Parallel Problems | |
§ 8. |
The Problem of Buddhist Origins | |
§ 9. |
Buddhism and Buddhas | |
§ 10. |
The Cruces | |
§ 11. |
Sociological Clues | |
§ 12. |
Buddhism and Asoka | |
§ 13. |
The Buddha Myth | |
§ 14. |
The Problem of Manichæus | |
§ 15. |
The Manichæan Solution | |
§ 16. |
The Case of Apollonius of Tyana | |
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MITHRAISM |
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§ 1. |
Introductory | |
§ 2. |
Beginnings of Cult | |
§ 3. |
Zoroastrianism | |
§ 4. |
Evolution of Mithra | |
§ 5. |
The Process of Syncretism | |
§ 6. |
Symbols of Mithra | |
§ 7. |
The Cultus | |
§ 8. |
The Creed | |
§ 9. |
Mithraism and Christianity | |
§ 10. |
Further Christian Parallels | |
§ 11. |
The Vogue of Mithraism | |
§ 12. |
Absorption in Christianity | |
§ 13. |
The Point of Junction | |
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THE RELIGIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA |
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§ 1. |
American Racial Origins | |
§ 2. |
Aztecs and Peruvians | |
§ 3. |
Primitive Religion and Human Sacrifice | |
§ 4. |
The Mexican Cultus | |
§ 5. |
Mexican Sacrifices and Sacraments | |
§ 6. |
Mexican Ethics | |
§ 7. |
The Mexican White Christ | |
§ 8. |
The Fatality of the Priesthood | |
§ 9. |
The Religion of Peru | |
§ 10. |
Conclusion | |
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A. |
The Eating of the Crucified Human Sacrifice | |
B. |
Dramatic and Ritual Survivals | |
C. |
Replies to Criticisms: |
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§ 1. |
General OppositionThe Hibbert Journal | |
§ 2. |
The Rev. Alfred Ernest Crawley | |
§ 3. |
The Rev. Dr. St. Clair Tisdall | |
§ 4. |
The Rev. Father Martindale | |
§ 5. |
Dr. J. Estlin Carpenter | |
§ 6. |
Professor Carl Clemen | |
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INDEX |